Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can be defined as an insult to the brain from an external mechanical force that can result in temporary or permanent impairments in cognitive, functions and behaviours [1]. It is estimated that an average of 1-2 million individuals each year sustain a TBI in the United States [2,3] The physical, cognitive and behavioural limitations experienced from TBI often become...

Amphetamine (Amp) increases exercise duration. It is thought to do so by masking fatigue, but there have been very few studies looking at the effect of amphetamine on VO2MAX and running economy. Furthermore, it is unknown if amphetamine's effect on exercise duration occurs in a warm environment. We conducted separate experiments in male Sprague-Dawley rats testing the effect of amphetamine on m...

BACKGROUND To produce population-level, year- and age-specific risk estimates of first time nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among young people in the United States. METHODS Data are from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health 2004-2012; a nationally representative probability sample survey administered each year. Subpopulations included youths aged 12 to 21 years (n=240,160) wh...

Drugs and other forms of experience (e.g., complex housing) share the ability to alter the dendritic fields of cortical and subcortical neurons. Although such modifications are typically considered advantageous, recent research has demonstrated that psychomotor stimulants (cocaine and amphetamine) block subsequent experience-dependent structural plasticity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and pa...

D oes your paediatrician have difficulty concentrating during lectures, particularly those on molecular biology and healthcare planning? When taking a history, does your paediatrician not listen properly and keep asking the same questions? Is your paediatrician too busy to spend any time with his or her own children? These are all signs of ADHD(P), a newly described phenotype of attention defic...

Rhodiola rosea is an herb purported to possess adaptogenic and ergogenic properties and has recently been the subject of increased interest The purpose of this article was to review and summarize recent investigations of the potential performance-enhancing properties of Rhodiola rosea. Such studies have generated equivocal results. Several investigations conducted in Eastern Europe have indicat...

T he modern Olympic Games were founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1896, with the intention of improving health and education, promoting world peace, and encouraging fair and equal competition. Such Victorian values, although inherently ennobling have little resonance in modern sport. The motto of the modern Olympic games—Citius, Altius, Fortius (swifter, higher, stronger)—illustrates how w...

BACKGROUND This study examined the efficacy of short-term alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) monotherapy supplementation immediately prior to moderate- and high-intensity single bout exercise performance. METHODS Thirteen resistance trained men (22.8 +/- 2.5 years; 81.6 +/- 12.6 kg) participated in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled crossover experiment. Each subject com...

The well-established ergogenic benefit of ingesting carbohydrates during single-discipline endurance sports has only been tested once within an Olympic-distance (OD) triathlon. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of ingesting a 2:1 maltodextrin/fructose solution with a placebo on simulated OD triathlon performance. Six male and 4 female amateur triathletes (age, 25 ± 7 years;...

OBJECTIVE To review and comment on the long-acting medications presently marketed in Canada for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in terms of design, composition, mode of action and efficacy including other long-acting products that are not yet available in Canada. METHOD A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and PubMed with addition...