alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disease that is the most common type of dementia.ad includes 60_80% of dementia and most people with ad have more than 65 years old.ad causes losing neuronal activity by abnormal proteins. plaques of beta-amyloid and tangles of “tau” protein can lead to ad. recently evidence has found that ad may come from outside of central nervous system (cns) a...

One of the most exciting areas in biology is the nervous system and how it works. Viral infections of the nervous system have provided exceptional insight at many levels, from pathogenesis to basic biology. The nervous system has evolved rather complicated barriers that facilitate access to nutrients and contact with the outside world, but block entry of pathogens and toxins [1]. However, when ...

The spectrum of "demyelinating disorders" is broad and it includes various disorders with central nervous system (CNS) demyelination[...].

German embryologist Viktor Hamburger [4] came to the US in 1932 with a fellowship provided by the Rockefeller Foundation [5]. Hamburger started his research in Frank Rattray Lillie?s laboratory at the University of Chicago [6]. His two-year work on the development of the central nervous system [7] (CNS) in chick [8] embryos was crystallized in his 1934 paper, ?The Effects of Wing Bud Extirpatio...

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune polyneuropathy. There is ascending paralysis seen in this and the onset is rapid, many a times preceded by an infection. Hyporeflex is observed and if respiratory component is involved can lead to death. Both sensory and autonomic nerve involvement is seen [1]. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP’s) are the biggest family of extra cellular matrix degradi...

Introduction: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is rare, but an aggressive malignancy. Central nervous system Burkitt lymphoma (CNSBL) is very rare. CNS Burkitt’s lymphoma is treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiation. Radiotherapy in children younger than three years old may cause major CNS damage. Case report: A three-year-old boy presented with painful proptosis of the left eye. He under...

Astrocytoma as one of the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors is rarely reported in veterinary literature. A 7-year-old Persian Lori-Bakhtiari ewe was presented to the clinic with a two months history of progressive blindness, nystagmus to the right, bilaterally decreased pupillary reflexes, head pressing and paddling. At necropsy, a whitish well-circumscribed mass with dimensions o...

MRI is currently the best imaging modality to assess myelin maturation in the human brain. Myelin is the insulator for nerves and is present in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, it is a modified extension of the oligodendrocyte cell and is made up of multiple sheaths of protein-lipid-protein-lipid-protein. Standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted s...