Dysregulated cell proliferation is one phenotypic change associated with neoplasia. Key protein complexes involved in regulating cell division are composed of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and CDK inhibitors (CDI). Many virally transformed cells in culture exhibit disrupted cyclin-CDK-CDI complexes, suggesting that such changes may play a mechanistic role in viral transformation. To d...

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea in children and adults. Although serious complications of CDI have been reported to be increasing in adults, this trend has not yet been demonstrated in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the features of CDI in a pediatric population, with special attention to the occurre...

INTRODUCTION Prior studies demonstrated marked increases in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the United States (U.S.) in recent years. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of initial and recurrent CDI in a national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) cohort over a 12-year period. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of all adult VHA beneficiaries with...

BACKGROUND Receipt of antibiotics is a major risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Doxycycline has been associated with a lower risk for CDI than other antibiotics. We investigated whether doxycycline protected against development of CDI in hospitalized patients receiving ceftriaxone, a high-risk antibiotic for CDI. METHODS We studied adults admitted to an academic county hos...

Excess inpatient length of stay (LOS) varies between hospitals and is burdensome to patients and the overall healthcare system. Variation in LOS has often been associated with hospital-level factors, such as hospital e ciency and quality. Clostridium di cile infection (CDI) is an increasingly common hospital-acquired (HA) infection. This thesis explores the connection between hospital incidence...

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a complication of antibiotic-induced injury to the gut microbiome, is a prevalent and dangerous cause of infectious diarrhea. Antimicrobial therapy for CDI is typically effective for acute symptoms, but up to one third of patients later experience recurrent CDI. Fecal-derived microbiota transplantation (FMT) can ameliorate the underlying dysbios...

INTRODUCTION Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is currently the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea, but almost nothing is known about the extent of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. GOAL We aimed to retrospectively analyze CDI in hospitalized patients at University Clinical Center (UCC) Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina from January 2009 through June 2012. ...

BACKGROUND Although cardiac device infections (CDIs) are a devastating complication of permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, the incidence of CDI in patients with bacteremia is not well defined. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of CDI among patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators who develop Staphylococcu...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) accounts for the majority of nosocomial cases of diarrhea, and with recent upsurge of multidrug-resistant strains, morbidity and mortality have increased. Data on clinical impact of CDI come mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, while in Italy only two studies address the issue and no economic data exist on costs of CDI in the in hosp...

Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging（CDI）is a lens-less imaging technique that can visualize the structures of non-crystalline specimens with micro- to sub-micrometer dimensions. In past ten years, two experimental techniques in CDI, cryogenic CDI tomography and atmospheric ptychography has been developed established at SPring-8. Here we review these achievement discuss future prospect synchrotro...