Effective long-term antiviral immunity requires specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4(+) T lymphocyte help. Failure of these helper responses can be a principle cause of viral persistence. We sought evidence that variation in HIV-1 CD4(+) T helper epitopes might contribute to this phenomenon. To determine this, we assayed fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 43 asymptomatic HIV-1(+)...

The onset of AIDS is characterized by the collapse of the immune system after a prolonged asymptomatic period. The mechanistic basis of this disease progression has remained obscure, hindering the development of effective therapies. Here I present a mechanism that underlies the deterioration of the immune system during HIV infection. The elevated turnover of lymphocytes throughout the asymptoma...

A total of 74 COVID-19 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-seven (36.5%) severely ill, and ten (13.5%) died. Severe had higher blood glucose, serum amyloid (SAA), C reactive protein, interleukin 6 levels than non-severe (P> 0.05). lower albumin, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, small dense low CD4 T lymphocyte counts (P > Reduced 21 + (OR = 0.988, 95 percent confide...

Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) is a mucosal immune tissue that provides immune responses against inhaled antigens. Lymphocyte homing to NALT is mediated by specific interactions between lymphocytes and high endothelial venules (HEVs) in NALT. In contrast to HEVs in other mucosal lymphoid tissues, NALT HEVs strongly express peripheral node addressins (PNAds) that bear sulfated glycans r...

Background and Aim: IPB-D2 chickens are selected from IPB-D1 due to their disease-resistance characteristics. One-way evaluate the strength of a chicken’s immune system is by examining number circulating T lymphocytes. This assessment can be conducted using modern analytic method called flow cytometry which relies on monoclonal antibodies detect relative proportions each cell measure quality qu...

The mechanism of CD4(+) T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection remains controversial. Using deuterated glucose to label the DNA of proliferating cells in vivo, we studied T cell dynamics in four normal subjects and seven HIV-1-infected patients naive to antiretroviral drugs. The results were analyzed using a newly developed mathematical model to determine fractional ...

OBJECTIVE Correlation between GALT homing markers on lymphocytes and the low blood CD4 T-cell reconstitution in immunological nonresponders (INRs) has been studied. DESIGN Thirty-one INRs, 19 immunological responders (IRs), and 12 noninfected controls were enrolled in this study. INRs were defined by an undetectable plasma viral load RNA less than 40 copies per milliliter and CD4 T-cell count...

Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223) is a CD4 homolog that is required for maximal regulatory T cell function and for the control of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homeostasis. Lag3(-)(/)(-) NOD mice developed substantially accelerated diabetes with 100% incidence. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that LAG-3 was primarily responsible for limiting the pathogenic potential of CD4(+) T cell...

Immune formations of birds' digestive organs, including the esophageal tonsil and Meckel’s diverticulum, protect body from foreign antigens that enter with food water play an important role in maintaining genetic constancy its internal environment. This unique property immune system is formed during ontogenesis associated selection lymphocyte clones are able to respond carry out a specific resp...