In this paper we propose a logic of action and causality The most important part of our contribu tion is a semantics that integrates action temporal structure and probability The semantics is based on a mathematical structure called an event space This space is inhabited by situations or instantaneous events with binary relations over them The temporal relations within an event space include se...

The causation relationship between economic growth and military expenditures in developing countries has received growing focus in recent years. One of the arguments in this field is that military spending absorbs a significant proportion of the limited financial resources in LDCs. The present study examines the causal relation in two models: defense spending with total real economic growth and...

We study the relation between the causality and positivity of energy bounds for Gauss-Bonnet gravity in an AdS7 background. Requiring the group velocity of metastable states to be bounded by the speed of light places a bound on the value of Gauss-Bonnet coupling. To find the positivity of energy constraints we compute the parameters which determine the angular distribution of the energy flux in...

Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (RBFCM) are proposed as an evolution of Fuzzy Causal Maps (FCM) that allow a more complete representation of cognition, since relations other than monotonic causality are made possible. Their structure is based on traditional fuzzy systems with feedback. The main problem to solve while trying to implement a RBFCM is the causal relation itself, since traditional f...

Databases have collected masses of information concerning cell signaling pathways that include information on pathways, molecular interactions as well as molecular complexes. However we have no general data model to represent comprehensive properties of cell signaling pathways, so that this type of information has been represented by two different data models that we call 'binary relation' and ...

A theory of motivation based upon attributions of causality for success and failure is offered. The heart of the theory consists of an identification of the dimensions of causality and the relation of these underlying properties of causes to psychological consequences. Three central causal dimensions have been discerned: stability, locus, and control; these dimensions, respectively, are linked ...

This paper examines the causality between concentration in banking industry and economic growth by using data across 15 countries named in "Iran outlook in 2025", over the period 2004-2011. Our aim is to assess whether the economy grows more or less rapidly in areas where the banking sector is more concentrated. The topic is motivated by the fact that the causality between concentration in bank...

According to modern physics, all physical processes are described by quantum theory. In particular, due to quantum fluctuations, even in the empty space, the causal relation is, in general, slightly different from the usual Minkowski one. Since quantum effects are probabilistic, to properly represent the corresponding stochastic causality, we need to describe, for every two events e and e′, the...

This paper examines the relation between …nancial development and economic growth by looking at plant-level evidence. I argue that by focusing on a largely exogenous event, the implementation of exchange controls in Venezuela in 1983, this approach avoids many of the challenges facing the literature. Most importantly this quasi-experimental setting allows me to deal directly with the issue of c...

Historically, causal markers, syntactic structures and connectives have been the sole identifying features for automatically extracting causal relations in natural language discourse. However various connectives such as “and”, prepositions such as “as” and other syntactic structures are highly ambiguous in nature, and it is clear that one cannot solely rely on lexico-syntactic markers for detec...