Introduction: More than 60% of healthcare expenditure by households in India is paid as out-of-pocket and on medicines the single largest component these payments. Increasing longevity rising incidence chronic conditions expected to further increase utilization aggravate associated financial burden. Objectives: This paper quantifies magnitude changes there in, between 2014 2017-18. The looks at...

Besides its well-known effect on bone metabolism, recent researches suggest that vitamin D may also play a role in the muscular, immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Double-blind RCTs support vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 800 IU per day for the prevention of falls and fractures in the senior population. Ecological, case-control and cohort studies have suggested that high vit...

Besides its well-known effect on bone metabolism, recent researches suggest that vitamin D may also play a role in the muscular, immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Double-blind RCTs support vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 800 IU per day for the prevention of falls and fractures in the senior population. Ecological, case–control and cohort studies have suggested that high vit...

Inflammation is an underlying pathophysiological process in chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In fact, a number of systematic reviews have shown the association between inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, or IL-10, and cardio-metabolic diseases. Diet is one of the main lifestyle-related factors which modulates the...

three millions people die related to smoking every year. twelve million smokers are reported in iran. the studies show that smoking is an important factor which causes cardio – vascular and respiratory diseases. its role in cancer diseases is strongly confirmed. the social and economical effects of smoking also are considerable. in this study 192 preuniversity students in bahaman city (province...