BACKGROUND Zambia adopted Option A for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in 2010 and announced a move to Option B+ in 2013. We evaluated the uptake, outcomes, and costs of antenatal, well-baby, and PMTCT services under routine care conditions in Zambia after the adoption of Option A. METHODS We enrolled 99 HIV-infected/HIV-exposed (index) mother/baby pairs with a first...

OBJECTIVE Giving recommended immunizations during sick visits for minor and acute illness such as acute otitis media has long been an American Academy of Pediatrics/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice recommendation. An addition to the American Academy of Pediatrics policy in 2010 advised considering whether giving immunizations at the sick visit would discourage making up missed well-b...

OBJECTIVE: Giving recommended immunizations during sick visits for minor and acute illness such as acute otitis media has long been an American Academy of Pediatrics/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice recommendation. An addition to the American Academy of Pediatrics policy in 2010 advised considering whether giving immunizations at the sick visit would discouragemaking upmissed well-ba...

1 The lactation consultant says, "You have the chance to provide your baby with the best possible start in life, through the special bond of breastfeeding. The wonderful advantages to you and your baby will last a lifetime." And then the mother bottle-feeds. Why? In part because that sales pitch could just as easily have come from a commercial baby milk pamphlet. When our phrasing and that of t...

The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative of the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization dramatically raises breastfeeding rates when implemented. To date, only 27 of the 16,000 Baby-Friendly hospitals worldwide are located in the United States. Barriers to becoming Baby-Friendly in the United States include the strength of the infant formula industry, suboptimal clinician ...

We analyze the energy and angular momenta of the two-spin spiky string moving on the AdS3×S with NS-NS field. Due to the infinite boundary of the AdS spacetime the solution will extend to infinity and it appears the divergences. After adding the counter terms we then obtain the dispersion relation of the corresponding giant magnon and see how the background field produces the correction terms. ...

Twelve recommendations following a discussion about the 'Mississippi baby' Implications for public health programmes to eliminate new HIV infections among children

This study assessed lesbian couples' division of labor, their satisfaction with division of labor and with their relationships, and their children's psychosocial adjustment. The 26 participating families were headed by lesbian couples, each of whom had at least 1 child between 4 and 9 years of age. Parents' relationship satisfaction was generally high but was unrelated to measures of parental d...

The American “high school movement” of the early 20th century resulted in a dramatic rise in high school graduation rates, a trend that continued into the middle of the century interrupted only by World War II. Previous work has characterized the pre-World War II transformation of secondary education, but less attention has been focused on the continued increased in educational attainment after...

About mid-semester each fall, I introduce to my undergraduate students the general topic of “cooperative finance.” By this time, the students have already been exposed to cooperative principles and have a basic-level grasp of operational practices. As I begin my lecture on revolving cooperative equity, one can tell by the perplexed expressions on the students’ faces that my message is not being...