Today, as structures with life expectancy of more than 100 years are being constructed, it is vital to gain knowledge about the gradual decline in material properties. Accordingly, ensure longevity and safety these structures, monitoring has been incorporated a fundamental part their service life. To monitor structural deformation, various methods have developed, most common survey certain poin...

In countries with negative winter temperatures, pits and walls of underground structures are subjected to additional forces caused by frost heaving forces. Russian construction practice, cases the impact such on struts anchors known, which led loss stability failure anchors. Obviously, design retaining in should take into account effect their evolution over time. The solution test problems for ...

The deformation failure modes of gravity retaining walls include overturning, toppling, deep sliding, and eccentric failure. complex mode, which involves the multi-stage walls, suffers from a lack mechanical models design theories. Based on basic theory reinforced concrete construction, this study established calculation model bottom-confined (RC-GRWs), are composed tensile, compressive, rigid ...

The importance of construction in the consumption natural resources is leading structural design professionals to create more efficient structure designs that reduce emissions as well energy consumed. This paper presents an automated process obtain low embodied buttressed earth-retaining wall optimum designs. Two objective functions were considered compare difference between a cost optimization...