In the present study, daily dose in terms of particle surface area received by citizens living different low- and middle-income countries, characterized lifestyles, habits, climates, was evaluated. The level exposure to submicron particles populations Accra (Ghana), Cairo (Egypt), Florianopolis (Brazil), Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan) were analyzed. A direct assessment approach adopted measure concent...

Background: Hepatitis RNA viruses include A, B, C and D. They are typically self-limiting by conservative measures, except hepatitis C virus (HCV) that is self-limiting in only 2-5%. HCV causes chronic infection affecting 170 million people worldwide, its prevalence peak in Egypt is 12.1%. About 5%-7% of patients may ultimately die of consequences of HCV infection, e.g. cirrhosis, and hepatocel...