W examine how initial public offerings (IPOs) and acquisitions affect entrepreneurial innovation as measured by patent counts and forward patent citations. We construct a firm-year panel data set of all venture capital-backed biotechnology firms founded between 1980 and 2000, tracked yearly through 2006. We address the possibility of unobserved self-selection into exit mode by using coarsened e...

The United States and European Union differ significantly in terms of their innovative capacity: the former have been able to gain and maintain world leadership in innovation and technology while the latter continues to lag. Notwithstanding the magnitude of this innovation gap and the political emphasis placed upon it on both sides of the Atlantic, very little systematic comparative analysis ha...

introduction: in today’s changing world, in addition with establishing human capital, supporting social capital is one of other challenges in organizational behavior. furthermore, social capital is a public characteristic, but it is resulted from individual efforts in making trust, relationships and cooperation. without social capital, staff would not have willingness to share information and k...

the main objective of this study was to investigate the understanding of relationship between social capital and participation in sports activities. the study was descriptive and methods of data collection and field measurement tool were made by the researcher as questionnaires. the population of the study, all women over 18 years old and lived in iran, was 164, 535 people. the sample size was ...

The problem of social capital in context of the online social networks is presented in the paper. Not only the specific elements, which characterize the single person and influence the individual’s social capital like static social capital, activity component, and social position, but also the ways of stimulation of the social capital are described.

How will the Internet and related digital technology affect the tendency for innovation activity to cluster geographically? This article argues that innovation has characteristics that make it unique from other types of economic activities. At a fundamental level, innovation is a non-routine social process that involves the creative deployment of knowledge. By examining the individual, the soci...