Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for a variety of conditions, particularly anxiety and insomnia. They are relatively safe and, with overdose, rarely result in death. However, used chronically, benzodiazepines can be addicting. These agents are often taken in combination with other drugs of abuse by patients with addiction disorders. In such patients, alternatives to benzodiazepines may be ...

1. Intracellular microelectrode recording techniques were performed on mouse spinal cord and cerebral hemisphere neurones grown in primary dissociated cell culture. The effects of several anxiolytics applied by local pressure ejection on responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) evoked by iontophoresis were investigated. Responses to GABA were depolarizing since intracellular chloride ion con...

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a prevalent, disabling, and costly condition affecting 1%–4% of the U.S. population. Current approaches to managing TRD include medication augmentation (with lithium, thyroid hormone, buspirone, atypical antipsychotics, or various antidepressant medications), psychotherapy, and ECT. Advances in understanding the neurobiology of mood regulation and depress...

Psycho-emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety are important modifiable risk factors for the development complicated course of many common chronic non-communicable diseases. A particular feature comorbidity is significant impact psycho-emotional on motivation adherence patients to a healthy lifestyle various therapy options, which increases risks complications and, consequence this, ...

Reduced fasting or postprandial gastric volumes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia. The mechanisms that underlie the control of gastric fundic volume are incompletely understood, partly because of an inability to accurately measure fundic volume in vivo in small animals. Small animals are useful models to evaluate mechanisms, e.g., in knockout animals. The aim o...

During the 1960s and 1970s the concept of ‘‘pharmacologic dissection’’ became popular as a putative method for differentiating among different categories of psychiatric illness. At the time, it was widely held that anxiety disorders, but not depression, respond to benzodiazepines, whereas depression, but not anxiety disorders, responds to antidepressants. Panic disorder was held to be the one e...