The use of chemicals gradually increased from prehistoric time to the fourth century A.D. when alchemy was introduced. Alchemy was a branch of chemistry that attempted to transform base metals (eg, lead, copper, and zinc) to precious metals (eg, silver and gold) [1]. Alchemists pursued this futile goal with secretive stubbornness for over a thousand years, to the detriment of chemistry as a who...

a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Application Oriented Coating Development at the Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria b Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria c Oerlikon Balzers Coating AG, 9496 Balzers, Liechtenstein d Plansee Composite Materials GmbH, 86983 Lechbruck...

The electrowinning of copper ions derived from leaching, or solvent extraction is a significant contributor to the global copper commodity supply. The process of electrolysis for copper was first developed in the late 19th century and despite numerous advancements in technology the principles and basic equipment remain the same. The first part of this paper deals with the theoretical requiremen...

In Powder Metallurgy the knowledge of the mechanisms governing the deformation behaviour of the material during its processing is in an initial stage due to the lack of an elasto-plastic model that could explain the mechanical behaviour, specially when the initial stage of powder die compaction is the one to be considered. For this reason geological models such as Cam-clay and Cap [1, 2, 3, 4] ...

background: economic burden due to premature mortalities is significant both on health system and on the society as a whole. this study aimed to determine the productivity costs and years of potential life lost associated with five leading causes of death in iran from 2006 to 2010.   methods: data on mortality by sex and age-groups due to five main leading causes of death   (myocardial infarcti...

the present study is an attempt to find out cultural exophoric references in four common english textbooks, namely touch stone, american file, top notch, and total english series used at iranian english language institutes and to compare the frequency of occurrence of such references in these coursebooks. in order to compare cultural exophoric references used in these coursebooks, the researche...

During the recent years powder processing technologies have gained much attention due to the less energy consumption and recyclable powders. Manufacturing of complicated parts by the conventional powder metallurgy (PM) method is hard due to the uniaxial pressure, which leads to the low design flexibility. In order to prevail these constraints, powder injection molding (PIM) process, which inclu...