LONG BUNCHES M. Blaskiewicz , BNL 911B, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA Abstract For long bunches, trailing edge multi-pacting causes the electron cloud density at the trailing edge of the bunch to be significantly larger than the cloud density during the early and central portions of the bunch. The effective wakefield is modeled and compared with hand estimates. Instabilty simulations, which include...

The advances in digital technologies have given birth to many applications, which were hard to image in the past decade but are real in current time. For the versatile but specialized applications, general system software in tradition does not perform well to serve their specific demanding requests, because the general approach is designed to concern with most of the general cases. Besides, the...

−− Reducing the use of fresh water can lead to energy savings when this is properly planned and executed. Chemical process simulation has proven to be an effective tool for performing a global analysis of water systems to identify routes for maximizing the process efficiency concerning to water recovery. System closure has been introduces in pulp mills resulting in simultaneous buildup of nonpr...

A gradual buildup of neuronal activity known as the "readiness potential" reliably precedes voluntary self-initiated movements, in the average time locked to movement onset. This buildup is presumed to reflect the final stages of planning and preparation for movement. Here we present a different interpretation of the premovement buildup. We used a leaky stochastic accumulator to model the neura...

This study investigates the temporal properties of adaptation in the late auditory-evoked potentials in humans. The results are used to make inferences about the mechanisms of adaptation in human auditory cortex. The first experiment measured adaptation by single adapters as a combined function of the adapter duration and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and interstimulus interval (ISI) betw...

Although many studies have examined the precedence effect (PE), few have tested whether it shows a buildup and breakdown in nonhuman animals comparable to that seen in humans. These processes are thought to reflect the ability of the auditory system to adjust to a listener's acoustic environment, and their mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, ferrets were trained on a two-alte...

Four experiments were carried out to investigate the effect on the static pressure seal of earmolds made from currently used impression and earmold materials; the occasional practice of making more than one earmold from an impression; the earmoldmaker buildup of impressions; and the multistage buildup of impressions by the impression taker. Experiment 1 showed that the chance of sealing the ear...

Forced-air warming devices are effective for the prevention of surgical hypothermia. However, these devices intake nonsterile floor-level air, and it is unknown whether they have adequate filtration measures to prevent the internal buildup or emission of microbial contaminants. We rated the intake filtration efficiency of a popular current-generation forced-air warming device (Bair Hugger model...