The position of taste buds around the human mouth, pharynx and larynx is outlined in many texts. While their distribution, histological differences and taste sensitivity on the dorsum of the tongue are well described, extralingual taste buds are described in far less detail both in adults (Bannister, 1995) and neonates (Lalonde & Eglitis, 1961). Studies on a variety of grazing mammals (e.g. Bra...

3D organ buds that can recapitulate organ function have myriad applications for regenerative and personalized medicine. Here, Takebe et al. (2015) describe a generalized method for organ bud formation, demonstrating that mechanosensitive mesenchymal stem cells drive condensation of heterotypic cell mixtures to create buds from diverse organs.

The taste buds in tortoises (Clemmys japonica and Geoclemys reevesii), lizards (Takydromus tachydromoides) and snakes (Elaphe quadrivirgata) were examined by both ultrastructural and histochemical methods. The taste buds consisted of at least three types of cells: the type I, II and III cells. The type I cells were characterized by the presence of secretory dense granules containing polysacchar...

We investigated the positioning of the epiglottis in the pharyngo-laryngeal region and the distribution of taste buds on the epiglottis in the rat and house shrew, animals which have different feeding habits. In the fixed samples of both species, when the mouth was closed or slightly opened, the epiglottis was found to protrude into the nasopharyngeal hiatus above the soft palate. But it retrac...

Early changes in the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated in the larger axillary bud of 2-week-old Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tender Green seedlings after removal of the dominant apical bud. Concentrations of these two hormones were measured at 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours following decapitation of the apical bud and its subtending shoot. Quantitation...

During the last century, two key hypotheses have been proposed to explain apical dominance in plants: auxin promotes the production of a second messenger that moves up into buds to repress their outgrowth, and auxin saturation in the stem inhibits auxin transport from buds, thereby inhibiting bud outgrowth. The recent discovery of strigolactone as the novel shoot-branching inhibitor allowed us ...

A new culture system for the embryonic pancreas enables the formation of a branched organ in vitro. In such cultures, each terminal branch originates as a small bud and the number of buds and of terminal branches increases progressively with the expansion of the culture. However buds can also be resorbed during growth. The normal labelling index of cells in incipient buds ("tips") is greater th...

Inflammation-mediated changes in taste perception can affect health outcomes in patients, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the present work, we hypothesized that proinflammatory cytokines directly modulate Na(+) transport in taste buds. To test this, we measured acute changes in Na(+) flux in polarized fungiform taste buds loaded with a Na(+) indicator dye. IL-1β elicited...

STUDY DESIGN The effects of nicotine on intervertebral discs in rabbits were studied experimentally. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of nicotine on the vascular buds in rabbits for elucidating the mechanism of nicotine-induced vertebral disc degeneration. BACKGROUND DATA Several groups have suggested that cigarette smoking is associated with low back pain, but the exact mechanism is n...

It has been found that floral induced stems of flowering tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wis. 38) plants contain large amounts of rapidly renaturing DNA, whereas noninduced stems of vegetative plants contain only small amounts. In addition, it has been shown that the striking qualitative difference in DNA between stems of flowering and vegetative plants mimics the over-all quantitative differenc...