he Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 consolidated three federal-state match-grant programs, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Emergency Assistance (EA), and the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) training program, into one block grant program. The new program, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), gives states considerable spen...

We present a convex framework to learn sequential decisions and apply it to the problem of learning under a budget. We consider the structure proposed in [1], where sensor measurements are acquired in a sequence. The goal after acquiring each new measurement is to make a decision whether to stop and classify or to pay the cost of using the next sensor in the sequence. We introduce a novel formu...

In this paper, we investigate advertisers’ budgeting and bidding strategies across multiple search platforms. Our goal is to characterize equilibrium allocation of a limited budget across platforms and draw managerial insights for both search engines and advertisers. We develop a model with two search engines and budget-limited advertisers who compete to obtain advertising slots across search p...

— As raptor populations recover following the banning of organochlorine pesticide use, there may be consequences for prey populations. While Bald Eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) actively prey on Glaucous-winged Gulls and their offspring ( Larus glaucescens ), their presence at colonies and roost sites may also influence reproductive success of gulls by impacting activity budgets. Here we in...

Life history theory places central importance on relationships between ontogeny, reproduction, and mortality. Fast human life histories have been theoretically and empirically associated with high mortality regimes. This relationship, however, poses an unanswered question about energy allocation. In epidemiologically stressful environments, a greater proportion of energy is allocated to immune ...

Semi-subsistence farms that predominate in developing countries have more complex goals than the strict profit motives of corporate farms. Small farm management decisions are commonly based on a desire to increase production while avoiding risks and reducing labor demands and operating costs. Enterprise budgets are a valuable tool for understanding diverse farming systems and farmers' decisionm...

Real wages ........................................................................................................................................6 Heights and Physical Well-being......................................................................................................8 Working hours ......................................................................................................