The GTP switch of the small G-protein Arf1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) on lipid membranes promotes the polymerization of the COPI (coat protein complex I) coat, which acts as a membrane deforming shell to form transport vesicles. Real-time measurements for coat assembly on liposomes gives insights into how the GTPase cycle of Arf1 is coupled in time with the polymerization of the COPI coat and ...

The effects of various growing substrates, combinations of soil, silt, sand, press mud (PM) and rice hulls (RH) on plant growth, yield and quality of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cvs. Kardinal, Anjlique and Gold Medal, were studied to standardize substrates for cut rose production and develop better management and quality production protocol. Plant height, number of leaves branch, leaf area, number o...

Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae select bud sites in either of two distinct spatial patterns, known as axial (expressed by a and alpha cells) and bipolar (expressed by a/alpha cells). Fluorescence, time-lapse, and scanning electron microscopy have been used to obtain more precise descriptions of these patterns. From these descriptions, we conclude that in the axial pattern, the new b...

Acrobatic flexibility of the translocon T he machinery that inserts membrane proteins into the ER is unexpectedly fl exible, say Kida et al. Even with several segments of a multispanning membrane protein already looped around inside the pore, more can be inserted. Proteins are inserted into the ER in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes by the Sec61-based translocon. Data from seve...

The homeobox gene Emx2 is a mouse homologue of a Drosophila head gap gene empty spiracles (ems) and is essential for the development of dorsal telencephalon (Yoshida, M., Suda, Y., Matsuo, I., Miyamoto, N., Takeda, N., Kuratani, S. and Aizawa, S. (1997) Development 124, 101-111). At the same time, Emx2 is expressed in the epithelial components of the developing urogenital system and, in Emx2 mu...

After closure of the posterior neuropore, the caudal part of the embryo designated as the 'tail bud' forms a mass of undifferentiated cells from which the lumbosacral and caudal parts of the body develop. It has been proposed that the tail bud is a homogeneous structure comparable to a blastema (Holmdahl, 1925; Griffith et al., 1992). Another view is that morphogenesis of the tail bud is merely...

Whereas long days (LDs) sustain shoot elongation, short days (SDs) induce growth cessation and formation of dormant buds in young individuals of a wide range of temperate and boreal tree species. In specific conifers, including Norway spruce, photoperiodic control of bud development is associated with the formation of a plate of thick-walled cells, denoted as the crown, at the base of the bud. ...

To spread infection, enveloped viruses must bud from infected host cells. Recent research indicates that HIV and other enveloped RNA viruses bud by appropriating the cellular machinery that is normally used to create vesicles that bud into late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies. This new model of virus budding has many potential implications for cell biology and viral pathogen...

developing supernumerary limbs is a rare congenital condition that only a few cases have been documented. depending on the cause and developmental conditions, they may be single, multiple or complicated, and occur as a syndrome or associated with other anomalies. polymelia is defined as the presence of extra limb(s) which have been reported in human, mouse, chicken, calf and lamb. it seems that...

Transcriptomic and gene expression analysis have greatly facilitated the identification characterization of transcriptional regulatory factors effectors involved in dormancy progression other physiological processes orchestrated during bud development peach temperate fruit species. Gene measurements are most usually based on average values from several or many individual buds. We performed sing...