The most widespread animal model to investigate Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the mdx-mouse. In contrast to humans, phases of muscle degeneration are replaced by regeneration processes; hence there is only a restricted time slot for research. The aim of the study was to investigate if an intramuscular injection of BTX-A is able to break down muscle regeneration and has direct implications on t...

Na+ permeation through normal and batrachotoxin (BTX)-modified squid axon Na+ channels was characterized. Unmodified and toxin-modified Na+ channels were studied simultaneously in outside-out membrane patches using the cut-open axon technique. Current-voltage relations for both normal and BTX-modified channels were measured over a wide range of Na+ concentrations and voltages. Channel conductan...

Block of neurotransmission at the mammalian neuromuscular junction triggers an increase in the number of vesicles released (quantal content). The increase occurs whether nerve and muscle activity are both blocked by placement of a tetrodotoxin (TTX) containing cuff on the nerve or whether muscle activity is selectively blocked by injection of α-bungarotoxin (BTX). We used ANOVA to examine wheth...

BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus on the best way to localize muscles in the forearm for botulinum toxin (BTX) injection. We devised a study to compare electromyography (EMG) with local stimulation through a cannula for localizing forearm muscles for botulinum toxin (BTX) injection, and for predicting the risk of unwanted weakness in non-target muscles. METHODS In 12 patients with fo...

OBJECTIVES To correlate clinical and urodynamic findings with MRI in patients with spinal cord injury and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia who were consecutively treated with transperineal injections of botulinum-A toxin (BTX-A) under EMG control. METHODS Six patients with spinal cord injury and upper motor neuron bladder dysfunction associated with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia were prospecti...

Introduction Our earlier investigations demonstrated that formation of hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), popychlorophenols (PCPhs) and polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs) and their toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) with dioxin-free flyash and unburnt hydrocarbon with varied temperatures as well as different hydro...

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of severe physical disability in childhood. Spasticity is a common and disabling symptom for many patients with cerebral palsy. Therapy for spasticity is symptomatic with the aim of increasing functional capacity and relieving discomfort. Spasticity treatment by orally administered drugs and intramuscular chemodenervation agents has become more frequent. ...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. The poor prognosis and short median overall survival of patients with GBM associated resistance to therapy after surgical adjuvant treatment. expression various acetylcholine receptors (AChR) has been widely reported. present study aimed investigate cholinergic system‑related genes primary explore antiproliferati...

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX) is a potent neurotoxin, which in recent years has been effectively applied in experimental treatments of many neurogenic disorders of the urinary bladder. BTX is a selective, presynaptically-acting blocking agent of acetylcholine release from nerve terminals what, in turn, leads to the cessation of somatic motor and/or parasympathetic transmission. However, applicat...

Local intradermal injections of botulinum toxin (BTX) effectively provide symptom relief of primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFHH), but they can be painful and a deterrent for repeated treatments. The EnerJet system delivers therapeutic substances into the dermis via a high-pressure liquid jet. In this proof-of-concept trial, BTX was administered by the EnerJet system without anesthesia. The preand...