BACKGROUND Most treatment protocols for vitiligo require a long treatment duration and usually do not result in complete repigmentation. Therefore, cosmetically acceptable and easily to handle alternatives are warranted. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the properties of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in a new formulation for the treatment of vitiligo on exposed areas. METHODS We treated 10 patients suffering...

Distinct leaf laminar growth dynamics have been found previously in some filicalean ferns and angiosperm seed plants: a discrete zone of marginal growth versus diffuse intercalary growth throughout the leaf without a conspicuous marginal growth zone. The fern pinnules for which marginal growth is known are also morphologically distinct from dicots: one or two orders of dichotomizing veins endin...

Leaf margin analysis (LMA) is a widely used method that applies presentday linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA shows regional constraints and to date, no equation has been modeled directly from Chinese forest...

Homozygous glabra2 (gl2) mutant Arabidopsis thaliana Landsberg erecta plants with only a few rudimentary single spiked trichomes on the leaf margin were transformed with a genomic clone of GL2, resulting in partial restoration of the normal leaf trichome phenotype. The introduced GL2 transgene was configured as part of an FLP recombinase-responsive gene switch, which permitted visibly marked gl...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Aspen groves along the Niobrara River in Nebraska have long been a biogeographic curiosity due to morphological differences from nearby remnant Populus tremuloides populations. Pleistocene hybridization between P. tremuloides and P. grandidentata has been proposed, but the nearest P. grandidentata populations are currently several hundred kilometers east. We tested the hybr...

Invasive plants are common and may provide resources through litter for container mosquito larvae. Invasive plant reproductive parts can make up a substantial part of litter but have mostly been ignored as a resource for mosquito larvae. We hypothesized that the reproductive fruits of the invasive eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, provide high quality resources for the invasive, containe...

Secreted peptides mediate intercellular communication [1, 2]. Several secreted peptides in the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family regulate morphogenesis of tissues, such as stomata and inflorescences in plants [3-15]. The biological functions of other EPFL family members remain unknown. Here, we show that the EPFL2 gene is required for growth of leaf teeth. EPFL2 peptide physically ...

it is very important to analyze the rice market structure in mazandaran province, as this province is competent to produce rice. mazandaran rice market was analyzed by completing 55 questionnaires in producer, wholesaler and retailers level, randomly in 2009. results show that marketing margins of two varieties namely- local (tarom) and multi-product- were 5850 and 3700 rials, respectively; als...