1. introduction the position of iran in the subtropical region that has made its arid and semiarid climate and the topographic diversity changes this trend of climate. therefore, climate hazards such as frost, flood, dust storm, drought, temperature anomalies, heavy rainfall, avalanches, snow, sleet, etc occur in iran. the northwest of iran experiences the above conditions following the arrival...

Saturday July 22nd. Brussels airport, hot, not enough head wind, and our DC-10 just stood there on the runway, waiting for that little breeze that would allow us to go up into the sky (it seemed the plane was too heavy to have enough velocity at the end of the runway to safely take off). We saw all those other planes fly off and our pilot must have thought, after half an hour or so, that what t...

[1] Simple, shallow-water models have been successful in reproducing two key observables in the atmospheres of the giant planets: the formation of robust, and fully turbulent, latitudinal jets and the decrease of the zonal wind amplitude with latitude. However, they have to date consistently failed in reproducing the strong prograde (superrotating) equatorial winds that are often observed on su...

A self-contained derivation of the IPESD models [Majda, A.J., Klein, R., 2003. Systematic multi-scale models for the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 393–408] governing synoptic and planetary scale tropical flows is provided. This derivation demonstrates the analytic tractability of the model and the effect of zonally and meridionally tilted synoptic scale heating on the forcing of planetary scale f...

Experimental and modelling results of the dynamics of a sea-breeze event and its effects on the three-dimensional (3-D) redistribution of the gaseous SO 2 are presented within the framework of a particularly flat and industrialized coastal area of the North Sea. The measurements were carried out at ground level with the stations of the local 5 air quality monitoring agency and with two optical ...