This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. To complement the debate on global population ageing and its implications for all societies, Alexandre Kalache, Isabella Aboderin, & Irene Hoskins review the 1980 paper by James F. Fries on the compre...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. To complement the theme of this month’s Bulletin, Michael Marmot comments on the 1985 paper by Geoffrey Rose on the study of the determinants of disease in individuals and in populations. The original...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. To complement this month’s theme of the Bulletin, Mercedes de Onis reviews the 1956 paper by F. Gomez et al. on mortality in second and third degree malnutrition. The original paper is reproduced by p...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. To complement this month’s theme of the Bulletin, Robert S. Desowitz reviews the 1948 paper by H.E. Shortt & P.C.C. Garnham on the discovery of the primary tissue phase, the exoerythrocytic cycle, of ...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. In this month’s Bulletin, Professor Kenneth Hill reviews the 1984 paper by W. Henry Mosley and Lincoln C. Chen on their proposal for a new analytical framework for the study of child survival determin...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. Jon Harkness, Susan Lederer and Daniel Wikler review the 1966 paper by Henry K. Beecher on ethics and clinical research. The original article is reproduced from The New England Journal of Medicine by ...

Bulletin of the World Health Organization | February 2004, 82 (2) This section looks back to some of the ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. William D. Savedoff reviews the 1963 paper by Kenneth Arrow that launched the discipline of health economics; extracts from the...

This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day perspective. To complement the theme of this month’s Bulletin, Sir Richard Sykes reviews the 1929 paper by Alexander Fleming on the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium. The original paper is reproduc...

It is shown that for any elastic string model with energy density U and tension T , the divergent contribution from gravitational self interaction can be allowed for by an action renormalisation proportional to (U − T ). This formula is applied to the important special case of a bare model of the transonic type (characterised by a constant value of the product UT ) that represents the macroscop...

We describe an algebraic framework for studying the symmetry properties of integrable quantum systems on the half line. The approach is based on the introduction of boundary operators. It turns out that these operators both encode the boundary conditions and generate integrals of motion. We use this direct relationship between boundary conditions and symmetry content to establish the spontaneou...