Previous studies performed in intertidal fish (Girella laevifrons),as well as marine fish (Isacia conceptionis), showed that acetylcholine (ACh) produced contractions mediated by cyclooxygenases that were dependent on the area and potency of contraction in several arterial vessels. Given that the role of nitric oxide is poorly understood in fish, the objective of our study was to evaluate the r...

Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors regulate the specification and differentiation of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Hand1 and Hand2 are expressed by a subset of neural crest cells in the anterior branchial arches and are involved in craniofacial development. However, the precise mechanisms by which Hand proteins mediate biological act...

INTRODUCTION Most metastatic lymph nodes from head and neck malignancy are solid. Cystic nodes are found in 33% - 61% of carcinomas arise from Waldeyer's ring, of which only 1.8% - 8% originate are from the nasopharynx. Some cystic cervical metastases were initially presumed to be branchial cleft cyst. This case report aims to highlight the unusual presentation of cystic cervical metastasis sec...

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was assayed in lysed erythrocytes and in branchial cytoplasm, mitochondria and microsomes of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Branchial CA activity was highest in the cytoplasmic fraction, but activity was very low in mitochondria and microsomes. Erythrocyte CA activity was over four-fold greater than that in the gills. Intact animals were injected with...

Craniofacial development is intrinsically related to segmentation along the primary body axis (Hunt and Krumlauf, 1991; Hunt et al., 1991a; Thorogood, 1993). In mammalian embryos, segmentally arranged cranial structures such as the branchial arches and nerve ganglia are built upon this primary metamerism (Keynes and Stern, 1984; Lumsden and Keynes, 1989; Puelles and Rubenstein, 1993). Like most...

INTRODUCTION There are 5 mesodermal arches separated by invaginations of ectoderm (clefts) and endoderm (pouches). Branchial cysts result from failed obliteration of branchial clefts. Second branchial cleft cyst is the most common type, which is found in about 95% of cases (Panchbhai and Choudhary 2012). Branchial cysts are common in the lateral aspect of the neck. They usually appear as a fluc...

Preganglionic vagal motoneurones supplying the heart of the dogfish have been located in the medulla by antidromic stimulation of the central cut end of the branchial cardiac branch of the vagus. They supplied axons with conduction velocities between 4.75 and 16.3 m s-1, which is similar to mammalian B fibres. Motoneurones were found in two locations: the rostromedial (N = 5) and lateral (N = 1...

All teleost fish produce ammonia as a metabolic waste product. In embryos, ammonia excretion is limited by the chorion, and fish must detoxify ammonia by synthesizing urea via the ornithine urea cycle (OUC). Although urea is produced by embryos and larvae, urea excretion (J(urea)) is typically low until yolk sac absorption, increasing thereafter. The aim of this study was to determine the physi...

Branchial surfaces of finfish species contain a microbial layer rich in commensal bacteria which can provide protection through competitive colonization and production antimicrobial products. Upon disturbance or compromise, pathogenic microbiota may opportunistically infiltrate this protective barrier initiate disease. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is globally significant health condition affectin...

Myogenic populations of the avian head arise within both epithelial (somitic) and mesenchymal (unsegmented) mesodermal populations. The former, which gives rise to neck, tongue, laryngeal, and diaphragmatic muscles, show many similarities to trunk axial, body wall, and appendicular muscles. However, muscle progenitors originating within unsegmented head mesoderm exhibit several distinct feature...