Erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective effects in multiple central nervous system (CNS) injury models; however EPO's effects on traumatic brain edema are elusive. To explore EPO as an intervention in traumatic brain edema, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to blunt, controlled traumatic brain injury (TBI). Animals were randomized to EPO 5000 IU/kg or saline (control group) intraper...

An image of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the central area globus pallidus (caused by necrosis and edema) surrounded a zone reduced (representing iron deposits) brain magnetic resonance is called eye tiger sign.

Platelet (P-) selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mediate accumulation of neutrophils in brain. However, the mechanisms regulating neutrophil accumulation and damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are poorly defined. We hypothesized that mice deficient in both P-selectin and ICAM-1 (-/-) would have decreased brain neutrophil accumulation and edema, and improved functiona...

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that women with traumatic brain injury have more favorable outcomes than do men because of higher levels of circulating estrogen and progesterone that may reduce brain edema. OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is any association between sex and mortality in TBI patients and whether there is any association between sex and brain edema. DESIGN Retrospective...

background: stroke is the third leading cause of death. hypothermia has been recognized as an effective method in reducing brain injury. in this study, we assessed the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) as a neuroprotective agent and mild hypothermia on mortality, behavioral function, infarct volume, and brain edema in wistar rats. methods: forty male rats were used in fiv...

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a family member of water-channel proteins and is dominantly expressed in the foot process of glial cells surrounding capillaries. The predominant expression at the boundaries between cerebral parenchyma and major fluid compartments suggests the function of aquaporin-4 in water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the dys...

The mechanisms accounting for the development of tissue damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been studied for several decades. A variety of mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which play a crucial role in edema formation after TBI, have been identified. We experienced a case of brain edema that progressed continuousl...