The brachial plexus is formed by the union of the ventral rami of the inferior four cervical (C5-C8) and first thoracic (T1) nerves (Figure 1). The C5 nerve usually receives a small contribution from the fourth-cervical nerve and the T1 nerve normally receives one from the second thoracic nerve. The brachial plexus supplies cutaneous and muscular innervation to the upper limb(s) and any injury ...

this blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (bpb) in sheep. nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine 2%, 5 mg kg-1 (lid, n = 6), lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with epinephrine 5 µg ml-1 (lidep, n = 6) or lidoca...

Nerve transfers have gained popularity in the treatment of adult brachial plexus palsy; however, their role in the treatment of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remains unclear. Brachial plexus palsies in infants differ greatly from those in adults in the patterns of injury, potential for recovery, and influences of growth and development. This International Federation of Societies for Sur...

Serious brachial plexus injury after median sternotomy is uncommon. However, affected patients experience considerable morbidity and their return to regular employment is often delayed. The pathogenesis of the injury is multifactorial. Wide sternal retraction is the major etiologic factor. Management is primarily conservative and should be guided by a team experienced in upper limb and hand sur...