When an opaque object occludes a more distant object, the two eyes often see different parts of the distant object. Hering's laws of visual direction make an interesting prediction for this situation: the part seen by both eyes should be seen in a different direction than the part seen by one eye. We examined whether this prediction holds by asking observers to align a vertical monocular line s...

The law of equal innervation of the two eyes, positing that conjugacy of movement of our two eyes is basic and innate, was enunciated in Hering's 1868 persuasively argued monograph. It has prevailed over Helmholtz's contrary view that conjugacy is learned. Yet 100 years earlier, Thomas Reid (1710-1796), Scottish clergyman and professor of philosophy, advanced exactly the same view as Hering, us...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The massive edema of ovary, with or without fibromatosis, is a rare tumor-like entity characterized by an increase in volume of one or both ovaries for accumulation of edema fluid in the stroma that separates the follicular structures. CASE We report a rare case, very peculiar also for its association with a massive stromal fibromatosis and for the presence, never des...

When subjects viewed straight and turned eyes that were isolated singly or in pairs from a head that was straight or turned, they underestimated their true direction of gaze. They also underestimated the direction of head turn when both eyes were closed. However, the judged direction of gaze was improved when the eyes were layered against the heads. Judged direction of averted gaze was primaril...

PURPOSE To investigate the impact of interocular similarities of a surround stimulus on foveal resolution acuity in the normally developing visual system. METHODS Liquid crystal shutter goggles synchronized with the monitor frame rate were used to present a Landolt C and surround bars to one or both eyes, in monocular, dichoptic, half-binocular, and binocular viewing conditions. Resolution ac...

We examined accommodative vergence eye movements under conditions in which feedback about retinal-image slip was and was not present (i.e. closed-loop and open-loop conditions). We found that (a) in both conditions the two eyes started to move at the same time; (b) in the open-loop condition, vergence continued in both eyes; and (c) in the closed-loop condition, vergence continued in the occlud...

Hormone-related cancers account for almost 30% of all cancer cases in the United States. Data from animal experiments and from epidemiological and endocrinological studies in humans support the hypothesis that the individual hormones which control normal growth of target organs can also create the proper conditions for neoplastic transformation. The concept that hormones can cause, i.e., increa...