Relapsing fever is a group of conditions that is characterized by recurrent febrile episodes interspaced with periods of no symptoms at all. They are arthropod-borne spirochetal infections of the Borrellia genus and occur in two main forms: tick-borne and louse-borne. Tick-borne relapsing fever is a zoonosis that is found worldwide. The louse-borne relapsing fever is caused by B. recurrentis, a...

Mosquito-borne diseases cause significant public health burden and are widely re-emerging or emerging. Understanding, predicting, and mitigating the spread of mosquito-borne disease in diverse populations and geographies are ongoing modelling challenges. We propose a hybrid network-patch model for the spread of mosquito-borne pathogens that accounts for individual movement through mosquito habi...

The National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases (NAVBD) was founded at Bhubaneswar in 1994, by Dr AP Dash, along with 15 like-minded scientists from all over India. NAVBD is a non-profit academic organization in India, dedicated to advancing and promoting knowledge on vectors and vector-borne diseases, and encouraging scientists and members of the academy to conduct research on vectors and vector...

T encephalitis (TBE), which is caused by tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is a potentially fatal disease of the central nervous system, mainly in humans, but also in monkeys, dogs (1), and horses. Ruminants such as goats, sheep, and cattle are considered to be sporadically infected subclinically. However, they might be the source of disease in humans who consume nonpasteurized milk and milk...

We review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis, and summarise biological and virological aspects that are important for understanding the life-cycle and transmission of the virus. Tick-borne encephalitis virus is a flavivirus that is transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks in a vast area from western Europe to the eastern coast of Japan. Tick-borne encephalitis ca...

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract The causes of high tropospheric column ozone values over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean during September, October, and November (SON) are investigated by examining lightning during 1998–2001. The cause for high tropospheric column ozone in the hemisphere opp...

1 Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06512, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 4 Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soocho...

This work describes an accurate pulse radar altimeter which is simple and light enough to be carried aloft by a regular sounding balloon. The altimeter uses a single superregenerative stage serving as both the receiver and the transmitter. This stage is used in a feedback system in such a way that the period between transmitted pulses is a measure of altitude. The relatively slow rate of change...

background: a molecular survey was conducted to investigatethe presence of pathogenic borrelia persica species caus­ing the tick borne relapsing fever (tbrf) in takistan district qazvin province, western iran. methods: a number of 1021 s oft ticks were collected from 31 villages including previously reported infected and none-infected tbrf cases and individually examined for the presenceof b. p...

Genomic sequencing of two relapsing fever spirochaetes showed truncation of recA in Borrelia recurrentis, but not in Borrelia duttonii. RecA has an important role among bacteria; we investigated whether this characteristic was representative of B. recurrentis, or an artefact following in vitro cultivation. We sequenced recA directly from samples of patient with louse-borne relapsing fever (B. r...