Routing changes of the interior gateway protocol (IGP), especially unexpected ones, can significantly affect the connectivity of a network. Although such changes can occur quite frequently in a network, most operators have hardly noticed them because of a lack of effective tools. In this paper, we introduce Rtanaly, a system to (i) detect IGP routing changes in realtime and instantly alert oper...

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document provides a survey of implementations of BGP-4 that support RFC 1657 MIB agents according to the BGP-4 v1 MIB specification.

This paper presents a new mechanism, called BGP with root cause notification (BGP-RCN), that provides an upper bound of O(d) on routing convergence delay for BGP, where d is the network diameter as measured by the number of AS hops. BGP-RCN lets each routing update message carry the information about the specific cause which triggered the update message. Once a node v receives the first update ...

The comprehensive report, Healthy Border 2010, identified reduction of motor vehicle crash death rates by 20% in Mexico and 25% in the US as priority targets. The report also identified seatbelt usage as the first approach to reach these targets. Our study measured seatbelt usage in a cross-border context and compared seatbelt usage with other areas in North America. Suggestions are made for co...

The border cells of the Drosophila ovary undergo a well-defined and developmentally regulated cell migration. Two signals have previously been shown to control where and when the cells migrate. The steroid hormone ecdysone, acting through its receptor and a coactivator known as Taiman, contributes to regulating the timing of border cell migration. PVF1, a growth factor related to platelet-deriv...

The sense organ for hearing in birds, the basilar papilla, is capable of replacing lost or damaged hair cells and supporting cells through regeneration. Potential candidates for precursor-cell populations include cells within the auditory receptor epithelium and nonsensory cells inferior to the sensory epithelium. Ultrastructural characteristics of hyaline cells, border cells, and vacuole cells...