A cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes was recently discovered in West Africa. This 'GOUNDRY' subgroup has increased susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of malaria. Unusual for this major malaria vector, GOUNDRY mosquitoes also seem to bite exclusively outdoors. A mathematical model is developed to assess the epidemiological implications of cu...

In a sample of fifteen partially edentulous subjects assigned for immediate complete denture treatment, a correlation analysis was performed between pre-extraction facial morphology determined from lateral cephalograms, and EMG activity of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles in maximal clench and tapping of teeth. Marked correlations observed between vertical and sagittal jaw relations a...

Variation in behaviour, performance and ecology are traditionally associated with variation in morphology. A neglected part of this ecomorphological paradigm is the interaction between behaviour and performance, the ability to carry out tasks that impact fitness. Here we investigate the relationship between biting behaviour and performance (bite force) among 20 species of ecologically diverse b...

Biting patterns of natural populations of Anopheles minimus s.l. females entering experimental huts treated with DDT and deltamethrin were carried out at Pu Teuy Village, Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. Two experimental huts, control and treatment, were constructed in the fashion of local Thai homes. Pre-spray biting activity of An. minimus females peaked at 19:00-22:...

INTRODUCTION Neuromodulation is often used by the nervous system to change a muscle’s response to nervous system stimulation. Invertebrate preparations are well suited for study of neuromodulation because of their experimentally tractable nervous systems and biomechanics. The Aplysia smooth muscle I2 is a good model for neuromodulation because it is a muscle with known behavioral correlates [1]...

Twenty-five adult subjects with severe morbid onychophagia (nail biting) and no history of obsessive-compulsive disorder were enrolled in a 10-week double-blind cross-over trial of clomipramine hydrochloride and desipramine hydrochloride. For the 14 subjects who completed the study, clomipramine hydrochloride (mean +/- SD dose, 120 +/- 48 mg/d) was superior to desipramine hydrochloride (mean +/...

The demand that anatomical structures work together to perform biological functions is thought to impose strong limits on morphological evolution. Breakthroughs in diversification can occur, however, when functional integration among structures is relaxed. Although such transitions are expected to generate variation in morphological diversification across the tree of life, empirical tests of th...

A single injection of 100 micrograms reserpine into the crop of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, reduced CNS serotonin and dopamine levels to less than 1% of control values within 3 d. High-pressure liquid chromotography- (HPLC) determined CNS serotonin and dopamine levels remained maximally depressed for approximately 1 month following reserpine injection. Subsequently, amine levels re...

Manduca sexta caterpillars are unusual because they exhibit strong peripheral gustatory responses to sugars, but nevertheless fail to show immediate appetitive responses to them. We hypothesized that the primary function of the peripheral gustatory response to sugars is to mask the taste of noxious compounds, which abound in host plants of M. sexta. We compared 10 s biting responses to water wi...

The purpose of the experiment was to explore relations between jaw and laryngeal functions. The general question was whether laryngeal adduction was affected by jaw opening or by jaw biting. Twelve untrained, vocally healthy male and female adults participated as subjects. Subjects produced repeated tokens of /uh/ in each of 12 experimental conditions involving combinations of 3 jaw openings (1...