Results of a geometrically nonlinear finite element parametric study to determine curvature correction factors or “bulging factors” that account for increased crack-tip stresses due to curvature for longitudinal and circumferential cracks in unstiffened cylindrical shells subjected to combined loads are presented. Nondimensional parameters varied in the study include the shell curvature paramet...

The in vivo mechanics of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is one of biaxial rather than uniaxial loading. The material properties of the annulus are intimately linked to the osmolarity in the tissue. This paper presents biaxial relaxation experiments of canine annulus fibrosus tissue under stepwise changes of external salt concentration. The force tracings show that stresses are ...

This paper presents an efficient numerical procedure for the rapid design of arbitrary-shaped composite steelconcrete cross-sections that are subjected to biaxial bending and axial force. The design procedure allows cross-sections to be designed by solving directly for the reinforcement required to provide a cross-section with adequate strength. The new numerical procedure developed in this pap...

The study of conical refraction for media other than biaxial non-magnetic crystals has never been considered in the literature – as far as the authors are aware. Hence, in this paper, we investigate how conical refraction can arise for broader classes of biaxial metamaterials using a new classification scheme previously developed by the authors. Namely, conical refraction is shown to occur for ...

2014 The temperature variations of the order parameter invariants are measured in the uniaxial and biaxial nematic phases of different mixtures of potassium laurate, 1-decanoL D2O. They show that the uniaxial to biaxial nematic phase transitions are second-order and mean-field, including in the case of the reentrant concentration, which gives the sequence discotic-biaxial-discotic of nematic ph...

A review is given of liquid crystals formed in colloidal dispersions, in particular those consisting of mineral particles. Starting with the historical development and early theory, the characteristic properties related to the colloidal nature of this type of liquid crystals are discussed. The possibility to find biaxial nematic and smectic phases is described for mixtures of rods and plates an...

In this study, carbon nano fibers (CNFs) were mixed into epoxy resin through a magnetic stirrer and again mixed using ultra sonicator. Using hand layup technique, biaxial braided fiber composites were prepared with unfilled, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 wt% CNF. Tensile test and shear test was performed to identify the tensile strength and shear strength of the composites. Fractured surface of the tensile sp...

Displacements around a tunnel, occurring as a result of excavation, consist of the elastic and plastic parts. In this paper, we discuss the elastic part of displacements as a result of excavation, called net displacement. In general, the previous analytical solutions presented for determining the displacements around a circular tunnel in an elastic medium do not give the net displacements...

Present work is a theoretical study on the stability of the thermotropic biaxial nematic liquid crystal phase in model systems. Its main aim is to present the phase diagrams of spatially uniform liquid mesophases and to identify the molecular parameters that influence the stability of the biaxial nematic. The diagrams are obtained by means of the Local Density Functional Theory in low density a...

The present study investigates the buckling of a thick sandwich plate under the biaxial non-uniform compression using the modified couple stress theory with various boundary conditions. For this purpose, the top and bottom faces are orthotropic graphene sheets and for the central core the isotropic soft materials are investigated. The simplified first order shear deformation theory (S-FSDT) is ...