with A= θ/4, B = (r − 1)θ/2N and C = rθ/2N . Note that k represents the number of steps in time, each of duration δt= σt/ √ N , from the position of the maxima. We want the approximation to be valid for a finite range around the maxima in the limit N→∞, and so we need k, and thus r, to vary over the range from 1 to order √ N . It follows that we can use the approximations cos(B)≈ 1, cos(C)≈ 1, ...

Most spatial ecology focuses on how species dispersal affects community dynamics and coexistence. Ecosystems, however, are also commonly connected by flows of resources. We experimentally tested how neighbouring communities indirectly influence each other in absence of dispersal, via resource exchanges. Using two-patch microcosm meta-ecosystems, we manipulated community composition and dynamics...

An asymmetry exists between time and space in the sense that physical systems inevitably evolve over time, whereas there is no corresponding ubiquitous translation over space. The asymmetry, which is presumed to be elemental, is represented by equations of motion and conservation laws that operate differently over time and space. If, however, the asymmetry was found to be due to deeper causes, ...

in the present paper, we introduce some new sequence spaces derived by riesz mean and the notions of almost and strongly almost convergence in a real 2-normed space. some topological properties of these spaces are investigated. further, new concepts of statistical convergence which will be called weighted almost statistical convergence, almost statistical convergence and statistical convergence...