The present study examined the effects of ATP on the striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats. Intrastriatal administration of ATP produced dose-dependent striatal lesions as confirmed by cresyl violet staining. Additional immunostaining using neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), OX-42 and GFAP antibodies revealed that ATP caused death of both neurons and glial cells. The nonmetabolizable ATP analogue ATPga...

Background: The special approaches by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had adapted to beta2-agonists and the implications for athlete, these are reviewed by a former Olympic team physician who later became a member of the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee. Steadily increasing knowledge of the effects of inhaled beta2-agonists on health is concerned with the fact...

1. The subtype and anatomical localization of beta-adrenoceptors mediating facilitation of stimulus-induced overflow of noradrenaline ('prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors') are not conclusively known to date. The present study was undertaken to characterize these receptors by use of pharmacological methods as well as to define their localization (prejunctional or postjunctional) with radio-ligand...

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogenous immune-mediated fibrotic disease. Disability of daily life in SSc patients largely depending on skin fibrosis starting distal site limb. However, there limited randomized control trial (RCT)-proven therapies for SSc. The effect anti-fibrotic drug, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta ab, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR...

Imbalances of beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) and muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) input are thought to underlie perinatal cardiovascular abnormalities in conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome. Administration of isoproterenol, a beta(1)/beta(2)-AR agonist, to neonatal rats on postnatal days (PN) 2-5 caused downregulation of cardiac m(2)AChRs and a corresponding decrement in their control o...

A behavioral and physiological syndrome of stress-related responses was reported in primates following treatment with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (beta-CCE). The behavioral and physiological effects of beta-CCE are similar to those observed during stressful or "anxiety"-related conditions characterized in rhesus monkeys under natural cond...

Carvedilol is an adrenoceptor antagonist which modulates the activity not only of beta 1 and beta 2 but also of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors present on the cell surface membrane of the human cardiac myocyte. In the heart, carvedilol has approximately 7 times higher potency for beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors, but in the doses 50-100 mg . day-1 used in clinical practice, it is essentially non-se...

Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used routinely in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and recently by the US Army as a prophylactic agent against potential nerve gas attack in the Persian Gulf War. Pyridostigmine has been implicated as one of several possible causative factors associated with Persian Gulf illnesses. To investigate toxic interactions between P...

The effects of several beta-adrenoceptor agonists on the relaxation of precontracted human bronchial rings and the inhibition of IgE-mediated histamine release from human lung mast cells (HLMC) were studied. For the relaxation of bronchial rings, isoprenaline, fenoterol and terbutaline were full agonists whereas salbutamol was a full agonist in some (two out of six) experiments and a partial ag...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the descending neural drive to ankle muscles during gait in stroke patients using a coherence analysis of surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings and the relationships of the drive with clinical functions. METHODS EMG recordings of the paired tibialis anterior (TA), medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG and LG), and TA-LG muscles were...