Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a science of intelligence system design. Existing definitions of intelligence don’t answer some important questions of engineering procedures. What kinds of intellectual tasks do we have? Who is more intelligent or smarter: a scientist or a wood-maker (human or machine), a metal-maker or a wood-maker? How to design a system with reasoning as the most powerful int...

A first step in answering complex questions, such as those in the “Relationship” task of the Text REtrieval Conference’s Question Answering track (TREC/QA), is finding passages likely to contain pieces of the answer—passage retrieval. We introduce semantic overlap scoring, a new passage retrieval algorithm that facilitates credit assignment for inexact matches between query and candidate answer...

The current generation of rewriting-algorithms in source-centric (local-as-view) information integration systems all produce a reformulated query that retrieves what has been thought of as ”the best obtainable” answer, given the circumstances that the source-centric approach introduces incomplete information into the virtual global relations. This ”best obtainable” answer does not however allow...

A good question says what it is about and constrains the form of the answer. In other words, it specifies the distinguishing context for an answer and partially describes the kind of information that would count as an answer. The question "Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?" specifies that we are talking about someone who wrote a particular document, instead of engaging in some other ac...

We query the pictures of Yahoo! News for persons and objects by using the accompanying news captions as an indexing annotation. Our aim is to find these pictures on top of the answer list in which the sought persons or objects are most prominently present. We demonstrate that an appearance or content model based on syntactic, semantic and discourse analysis of the short news text is only useful...

for all stopping times for B , and all p > 0 , where Ap and Bp are numerical constants. Although the best values for the constants Ap and Bp in (1.1) are found below too, in most of the cases it is much easier to evaluate E( ) rather than E( 1+p=2) . In this paper we shall answer the question on how the inequality (1.1) can be optimally modified if the quantity E( 1+p=2) is replaced by a functi...

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher ...

QUESTION What is the role of intramuscular botulinum toxin injections in the management of spasticity and related morbidity in children with cerebral palsy? ANSWER When botulinum toxin A is injected into the limbs of children with spastic paresis, it induces temporary reduction in muscle tone. It also promotes better motor function when used in combination with conservative treatments such as...

Lower bounds on circuit size were previously established for functions in Σp2, ZPP , Σ exp 2 , ZPEXP NP and MAexp. We investigate the general question: Given a time bound f(n). What is the best circuit size lower bound that can be shown for the classes MA-TIME[f ], ZP-TIME[f ], . . . using the techniques currently known? For the classes MAexp, ZPEXP NP and Σ exp 2 , the answer we get is “halfex...