technological innovation, because of its curtail role in socio-economic development is one of the important aspects of governmental policies. in this article technological innovation is studied by an institutional approach. public policy by applying this approach could use norms, regulations and other institutional measures to improve innovations and technological policy. more specifically in t...

Take a big gulp of pox A poxvirus tricks cells into drinking it up, say Jason Mercer and Ari Helenius (Institute of Biochemistry, Zurich). Vaccinia, studied here, is a prototypical poxvirus, whose members also include the human smallpox virus. In studying how vaccinia enters cells, the authors observed that mature virus particles bound to fi lopodia and surfed toward the cell. After arriving at...

Nef proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been found to associate with an active cellular serine/threonine kinase designated Nef-associated kinase (Nak). The exact identity of Nak remains controversial, with two recent studies indicating that Nak may be either Pak1 or Pak2. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that such d...

Shared address space (SAS) parallel programming models have faced difficulty scaling to large number of processors. Further, although in some cases SAS programs are easier to develop, in other cases they face difficulties due to a large number of race conditions. We contend that a multi-paradigm programming model comprising a distributedmemory model with a disciplined form of shared-memory prog...

human insulin-like growth factor 1 (higf-1) consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intermolecular disulfide bridges possessing valuable therapeutic effects. to date, numerous variants of specifically engineered higf-1 have been produced so as to improve higf-1 biological activity, stability and stronger binding to igf-1 receptor. mecasermin is one of the modified variants with ...

adages and aphorism, notwithstanding their differences, are considered to be the most veridical of literary tools, revealing nations’ internal and external mentalities. as the garnish of words along with a means of bolstering the power of argument, they have been prevalent in all literary eras and constitute one of the major, precious branches of literate and are credible documents of bygone cu...