Synthetic DNA has been used as an authentication code for a diverse number of applications. However, existing decoding approaches are based on either DNA sequencing or the determination of DNA length variations. Here, we present a simple alternative protocol for labeling different objects using a small number of short DNA sequences that differ in their melting points. Code amplification and dec...

Barcode is most widely used method of identifying the product code of any object. It is universally accepted as fastest and cheapest method in product identification. It encodes a series of characters and symbols which carries both explicit information and database key. This paper presents the generation of bar codes using fingerprint images to provide a reliable personal authentication system ...

Sequencing of the first Escherichia coli (K-12) genome revealed that there were 4,300 open reading frames (ORFs) expected to encode proteins and many stable RNA genes that encode rRNA and tRNA (3). Surprisingly, at that time only 43% of the ORFs had been previously described, and 38% could not be assigned even predicted functions. These observations suggested that there was a wealth of informat...

To enhance gene discovery, expressed sequence tag (EST) projects often make use of cDNA libraries produced using diverse mixtures of mRNAs. As such, expression data are lost because the origins of the resulting ESTs cannot be determined. Alternatively, multiple libraries can be prepared, each from a more restricted source of mRNAs. Although this approach allows the origins of ESTs to be determi...

The household setting may be the most important level at which to understand the food choices of individuals and how healthful food choices can be promoted. However, there are few available measures of the food purchase behaviors of households and little consensus on the best way to measure it. This review explores the currently available measures of household food purchasing behavior. Three ma...