The mucosal immune system must initiate and regulate protective immunity, while balancing this immunity with tolerance to harmless antigens and bacterial commensals. We have explored the hypothesis that mucosal dendritic cells (DC) control the balance between regulation and immunity, by studying the responses of human tonsil-derived DC to Neisseria meningitidis as a model organism. We show that...

Although B cells and antibodies are the central effectors of humoral immunity, B cells can also produce and secrete cytokines and present antigen to helper T cells. The uptake of antigen is mainly mediated by endocytosis; thus, antigens are often presented by MHC-II molecules. However, it is unclear if B cells can present these same antigens via MHC-I molecules. Recently, Salmonella bacteria we...

Carbohydrates, in the form of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, are ubiquitous components of the cell surface of bacteria. In the last 30 years polysaccharide-based vaccines have proven to be highly safe and efficacious against bacterial infections like meningitis and pneumonia. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysers have emerged as powerful tools for the characteriz...

The neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) plays a major role in regulating host IgG levels and transporting IgG and associated antigens across polarized epithelial barriers. Selective expression of FcRn in the epithelium is shown here to be associated with secretion of IgG into the lumen that allows for defense against an epithelium-associated pathogen (Citrobacter rodentium). This pathway of hos...

Protein and antigenic heterogeneity among isolates of Bacillus piliformis, the etiologic agent of Tyzzer's disease, were investigated. The seven isolates utilized in this study were originally isolated from naturally infected animals of different animal species and diverse geographical locations. Isolates were propagated in mammalian cell lines, and bacterial extracts were prepared. Protein and...

Many studies have revealed correlation between serum or salivary immunoglobulin concentration and the progress of caries. Pathogens residing in the oral cavity can stimulate immune cells to produce cytokines. Antibacterial cellular reaction of T-cells in course of caries is related to the expression of superficial antigens of Streptococcus mutans. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) – one of the most import...

background : immunological response of host and parasite play a key role in developing vaccina­tion and immunization. the present study deals with the immune response and effecter mechanism, which was confirmed by migration inhibition factor (mif).  methods : the present work was conducted in parasitological lab of postgraduate department of zool­ogy, government holkar science college, indore (...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major surface component of most Gram-negative bacteria and recognized by immune cells as pathogen-associated molecules. Antibodies against O antigens can provide protection infection vaccines have been developed conjugating to carrier proteins enhance immunogenicity. This study aims produce antigen from Escherichia coli analyze the in vivo test results poultry usin...

In 1975, Kohler and Milstein published their article "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity" in Nature, which resulted in the development of the new and exciting technique of monoclonal antibody production. Subsequently there has been an explosive development of research involving the production of monoclonals to microorganisms, cell surface antigens, t...

BACKGROUND An accurate and prompt diagnosis of bacterial arthritis is essential for earlier treatment and a good outcome. Superantigens produced by Staph. Aureus are among the most lethal toxins. The paper objective was Identification of common bacterial antigens and S.aureus superantigens in synovial fluid (SF) of children with negative culture and direct smear for other bacteria except for S....