Networking technologies have greatly enhanced the Internet with respect to the backbone ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) network. The ATM multicast Tree (AMT) is the Mbone of video/audio conferencing and other multicasting applications in ATM networks [5]. Temporarily moving switches changing optical fiber connections and, tangible or intangible network failure on ATM networks causes service di...

One way to implement a fault-tolerant service is to employ multiple sites that fail independently. The state of the service is replicated and distributed among these sites, and updates are coordinated so that even when a subset of the sites fail, the service remains available. A common approach to structuring such replicated services is to designate one site as the primary and all the others as...

In an optical mesh network, backup channels are shared between multiple lightpaths to reduce restoration capacity overhead. The sharability of channels is usually constrained by the mandate to provide 100% recovery of all lightpaths affected by any single event failure in the network. This paper proposes a pool based channel reservation scheme that is optimal when the set of primary and backup ...

One safeguard against instrument malfunction is to provide backup instruments for machine operators. In previous studies, prior training caused operators of a simulated machine to adapt to instrument malfunction by adopting a suboptimal decision rule rather than by reallocating attention to backup instruments. One hypothesis for these findings is that operators do not notice when their main ins...