over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the world trade organization’s trips and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. the trips agreement obligates all wto member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. the trips agreemen...

a r t i c l e i n f o The literature measuring the effects of WTO membership on trade flows has produced remarkably diverse results. Rose (2004) reports a wide range of empirical specifications that produce no WTO effects. Tomz et al. (2007) use Rose's data but include de facto WTO membership, to find positive WTO trade effects. Rose (2005) also produced positive WTO trade effects after account...

Background National licensing examinations (NLEs) are large-scale examinations usually taken by medical doctors close to the point of graduation from medical school. Where NLEs are used, success is usually required to obtain a license for full practice. Approaches to national licensing, and the evidence that supports their use, varies significantly across the globe. This paper aims to develop a...

Dear MJM, It was a delightful experience to read the print copy of the McGill Journal of Medicine. Our previous experience of your journal was through your website. We congratulate the student team on producing an extremely professional journal. The paper and the print quality are comparable to the best journals in the world. The 9.2 issue carried a good collection of articles from various area...

BACKGROUND In order to ensure their population's regular access to essential medicines, many least developed countries and developing countries are faced with the policy question of whether to import or manufacture drugs locally, in particular for life-saving antiretroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS patients. In order for domestic manufacturing to be viable and cost-effective, the local industry m...

Under the TRIPS agreement, WTOmembers are required to enforce product patents for pharmaceuticals. The debate about the merits of this requirement has been and continues to be extremely contentious. Many poor developing economies claim that patent protection for pharmaceuticals will result in substantially higher prices for medicines, with adverse consequences for the health and well-being of t...

This paper considers how vaccine technology to meet the challenges of COVID-19 pandemic can be made available increase production vaccines. Its primary focus is on trade secrets, which are one main intellectual property rights protecting complex manufacturing processes production. The compulsory licensing secrets presents some unique obstacles and consideration given practical solutions that mi...

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement was negotiated during Uruguay round and GATT replaced by WTO. All the signatory countries had to abide norms agreement. They were asked modify their national IP laws as per requirement. India too incorporated required changes finally, Indian patent act became TRIPs compliant in 2005. Although, it claimed that has designed i...

The availability of data on the Web and new data extraction technologies have made it increasingly easy to reuse existing data to create new databases and provide value-added services. Meanwhile, database creators have been seeking legal protection for their data, such as the European Union’s Database Directive. The legislative development shows that there is significant difficulty in finding t...

In 2019, the Appellate Body (AB) of World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement System (WTO-DSS) lost its quorum. Instead required minimum number three members, AB’s membership fell to one member only as US under Donald Trump blocked appointment new members upon expiry terms two incumbent ones. The paralysis produced a high level shock in EU. this article, we take closer look at US’s decision...