As is known, metalanguage is a language by means of which another language is described. The latter is called object-language. One and the same language may play the role of object-language and metalanguage. For example, the Russian language taken as an object of linguistic description is an object-language, the Russian language used for a linguistic description of Russian is a metalanguage. Th...

We present a library of implemented HPSG analyses for argument optionality based on typological studies of this phenomenon in the world’s languages, developed in the context of a grammar customization system that pairs a crosslinguistic core grammar with extensions for non-universal phenomena on the basis of user input of typological properties. Our analyses are compatible with multiple interse...

The paper presents a computationally tractable application of Bulgarian pronouns representation using Universal Networking Language (UNL) formalism. It analyses grammar features of pronouns and offers a model of their formal representation based on incorporation of grammar, semantic and lexical knowledge by using standard UNL knowledge representation mechanisms. The entire application presents ...

This study was designed to investigate the effect of grammar and vocabulary pre-teaching, as two types of pre-reading activities, on the Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension from a schema–theoretic perspective. The sample consisted of 90 female students studying at pre-university centers of Isfahan.  The subjects were randomly divided into three equal-in-number groups. They participated ...

In this paper, the context dependence multilevel pattern matching(in short CDMPM) grammar transform is proposed; based on this grammar transform, the universal lossless data compression algorithm, CDMPM code is then developed. Moreover, it is proved that this algorithms’ worst case redundancy among all individual sequences of length n from a finite alphabet is upper bounded by ) log / 1 ( n C w...

Improving the previously known best bound, we show that any recursively enumerable language can be generated with a non-returning parallel communicating (PC) grammar system having six contextfree components. We also present a non-returning universal PC grammar system generating unary languages, that is, a system where not only the number of components, but also the number of productions and the...

the burden of exposure to blood-borne pathogens (such as hepatitis b and c viruses) is considerable for health care workers. hepatitis virus transmission requires a non-immune host, an infectious source, and skin or mucous membrane injury. these three aspects are the main fields for preventional interventions. we reviewed major recent studies on this topic to identify precautions health care wo...

The development of computerized systems in the financial industry facilitated the growth of the stock exchange market for institutional and private investors. Paperless settlement systems for stocks and bonds were first introduced in the Nordic region. The successful introduction of the new infrastructure for the securities markets was the result of solid cooperation between market participants...