Engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex induces a rapid increase in the activities of Src-family and Syk/Zap-70-family kinases [1] [2]. These activated kinases then induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular proteins, eventually leading to T-cell activation. One of the prominent substrates for these kinases is the adaptor protein Cbl [3] and recent studies suggest...

Namalva, a human B cell lymphoma line, produced a factor with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 which enhanced the proliferation of normal activated human B lymphocytes. The factor also enhanced the proliferation of certain B cell lines. It can be distinguished physiologically and biochemically from other lymphokines known to enhance B cell proliferation, namely, interleukin (IL) 1, IL...

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the roles of the signaling adapter protein tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 in regulating the functions of B and T lymphocytes. In B lymphocytes, TNFR-associated factor 3 inhibits signaling by TNFR superfamily receptors, Toll-like receptors, and interleukin-6R. In contrast, signaling to B cells by the viral...

Oct-2, a transcription factor expressed in the B lymphocyte lineage and in the developing CNS, functions through of a number of discrete protein domains. These include a DNA-binding POU homeodomain flanked by two transcriptional activation domains. In vitro studies have shown that the C-terminal activation domain, a serine-, threonine- and proline-rich sequence, possesses unique qualities, incl...

In the absence of costimulating signals, B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking on immature B cells triggers the apoptotic cell death program. In the WEHI-231 B cell lymphoma model, anti-IgM crosslinking triggers activation of caspase-7 independently of caspase-8, followed by apoptosis. Two main mechanisms for caspase-7 activation have been proposed: (i) caspase-8 recruitment to death receptors (Fa...

Endothelin (ET) B receptor (ET(B)R), which is overexpressed in human cutaneous melanomas, promotes tumorigenesis upon activation by ET-1 or ET-3, thus representing a potential novel therapeutic target. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is the transcriptional factor that conveys signaling elicited by hypoxia and growth factor receptors. Here, we investigated the interplay between ET a...

low glucose condition induces neuronal cell-death via intracellular mechanisms including mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signaling pathways. it has been shown that low glucose medium decreases neuronal survival in cerebellar granule neurons (cgns). in this study, we have examined the activation of jnk, p38kinase and erk1/2 pathways in low glucose medium in cgns. the cgns were prepared ...

epilepsy is neurological disorders that afflict many people around the world with a higher prevalence rate in children and in low income countries. temporal lobe epilepsy (tle) is result from hippocampal sclerosis is a neurological disorder with difficult treatment. stem cells can transform into any type of cells such as glial cells, consequently stem cells can use for medical treatment. stem c...

Signaling through the BCR can drive B cell activation and contribute to B cell differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. The positive BCR signal is counterbalanced by a number of membrane-localized inhibitory receptors that limit B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Deficiencies in these negative signaling pathways may cause autoantibody generation and autoimmune disease in ...