That the right renal vein is shorter than the left is an incontestable anatomical fact. The distance from ostium to renal sinus in the right side is about 3 cm, whereas the left renal vein has a length close to 5 cm. Certainly, right renal vein is shorter than the left, but it has less anatomical complexity because not only gonadal vein flows into the left but also, occasionally, any posterior ...

Giant venous hemangiomas of the azygos arch are exceedingly rare and idiopathic. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two reports of azygos hemangioma. We report a case of hemangioma of azygos arch in a 46-year-old man after a complete resection and discuss the strategy that was used for the diagnosis and therapy.

The incidence of azygos lobe vary from 0.4% to 1% with no clinical significance (1). Recently, with the progress in minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery, azygos lobe Identification has become more oftentimes seen during the procedure. In this report we discuss the anesthetic considerations of an azygos lobe in a patient with palmar hyperhidrosis who underwent thoracoscopic sympathectomy.

A 25-year-old male presented to the emergency department with 1 week of progressive right-sided chest pain. The pain was sharp, radiated to the back, and worse with deep inspiration. He denied dyspnea and leg pain or swelling. The patient’s medical history was remarkable for a lower extremity deep vein thrombosis diagnosed 6 months prior. He’d selfdiscontinued anticoagulant therapy 2 months pri...

We focused on the first demonstration that antiarrhythmics, particularly class II and III antiarrhythmic beta-blocker sotalol can induce severe occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome in rats. In this syndrome, as similar syndromes with permanent occlusion of major vessels, peripheral central, other noxious procedures severely disable endothelium function, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-coll...

In the surgical treatment of lung cancers invading the superior vena cava (SVC), primary closure is preferred for reconstruction when the resected area is small, but the repaired vessel can become constricted. A novel method for SVC repair with azygos flap, which is a longitudinally opened azygos arch, is a facile and effective treatment, and may prevent a reduction in the lumen if the area of ...

Congenital agenesis of the inferior vena cava is an uncommon congenital anomaly which can be misdiagnosed. Agenesis of the inferior vena cava has an incidence of 0.0005% to 1% in the general population [1]. The most common cause of agenesis of the inferior vena cava is the failure of embryological development between the sixth and the tenth weeks of gestation. Heterotaxy syndrome is associated ...