OBJECTIVE The routes of lymphatic drainage from a breast cancer are the axilla (the most frequent) and the extra axillary regions. Among the latter, there are the so-called intrammamary lymph nodes (IMLN). This study has aimed to assess the incidence of IMLNs in our patients and study the evolution of these cases with IMLN in the lymphoscintigraphy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients ...

PURPOSE To investigate the coverage of axillary lymph node with tangential breast irradiation fields by using virtual lymph node (LN) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight women who were treated with whole breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery were analyzed. The axillary and breast volumes were delineated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) contouring a...

OBJECTIVE To compare axillary brachial plexus block and Bier's block as methods of providing upper limb anaesthesia. METHODS Axillary brachial plexus or Bier's blocks were performed on all patients requiring upper limb anaesthesia in a three month period. For Bier's block, a single cuff tourniquet and 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine were used. For axillary plexus block, 40 ml 1% lignocaine with adren...

traumatic injuries to the subclavian-axillary artery, although uncommon, are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not managed promptly. the emergence of endovascular techniques offers an alternative to the surgical management of these injuries. we herein present 4 cases of traumatic subclavian-axillary artery injury with limb ischemia successfully managed via the endovascular a...

background: contralateral axillary metastasis (cam) is a rare entity in patients with breast cancer which can occur during the primary breast cancer or its follow-up. different treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but there is no agreement on them. in our review, we found 12 series with available data, 82 patients with synchronous or metachronous contralateral a...

Results: The median disease-free interval of 35 patients with IBTR was 66.7 month and the median tumor size of IBTR was 1.2cm. A total of 22 patients had previous SLNB, 8 patients had previous axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), and 5 patients had no previous axillary treatment. The average number of lymph nodes harvested at the time of primary surgery with SLNB and ALND was 2.9 and 20.8, re...

INTRODUCTION Video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy (VATS) is one minimally invasive definitive treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Different techniques exist for controlling axillary sudoresis, but they are temporary and have high cost. This study was conducted to compare the initial results from sympathectomy using two distinct levels for treating axillary sudoresis: T3-T4 vs T4. METHODS S...

Background. Four-node sampling is a useful substitute for sentinel node biopsy in low resource settings. USG is being increasingly used as a preoperative tool to evaluate axilla. We conducted this study to assess the accuracy of different descriptors of axillary ultrasound and to formulate a model on grading of axillary involvement. Material and Methods. Thirty-four patients with clinically neg...

The arterial pattern of the upper limb is one of the systems that display many variations in the adult human body. Accurate information regarding these variations is important during vascular & reconstructive surgery and also in evaluation of angiographic images. Axillary artery is the direct continuation of the subclavian artery from the outer border of the first rib. The course of the axillar...

BACKGROUND Although axillary lymph node status is an important prognostic factor and axillary dissection is regarded as the gold standard for staging, it requires radical surgery which is accompanied by considerable postoperative problems such as lymphedema. This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) and intraoperative froze...