Zoonotic transmission of pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) is a potential public health threat (1, 2), as the virus may acquire human-to-human transmissibility through mutations or by reassortment with seasonal influenza viruses (e.g., H3N2 and H1N1). The recent outbreak of novel H7N9 virus in China is an enigma (3). In contrast to outbreaks of human infections by other avian influenza vir...

the humoral immunization potential of panax ginseng polysaccharide (gps) against h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) in chickens was investigated. the effects of gps treatment before and during h9n2 aiv infection were determined in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) by mtt (3(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays and quantitative rt-pcr analysis of mhc and cytokine...

Previous studies have shown antiviral effect of Echinacea and elderberry preparations against human influenza viruses in vitro. To investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of these herbs on avian H9N2 influenza virus, amantadine and two standardized commercial extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EF) and Sambucus nigra (SAM) were used in broiler chickens infected with H9N2 strain of the virus. EF, S...

BACKGROUND Limited knowledge about the molecular mechanism of avian influenza H9N2 virus pathogenicity in birds as well as human hosts has limited the development of effective control against the disease. To overcome this issue detailed understanding of the infectious characteristics of the virus in host cells should be obtained. OBJECTIVES In this study we examined the replication kinetics o...

H9N2 influenza A viruses have become established worldwide in terrestrial poultry and wild birds, and are occasionally transmitted to mammals including humans and pigs. To comprehensively elucidate the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of H9N2 influenza viruses, we performed a large-scale sequence analysis of 571 viral genomes from the NCBI Influenza Virus Resource Database, representing...

BACKGROUND The influenza viruses circulating in animals sporadically transmit to humans and pose pandemic threats. Animal models to evaluate the potential public health risk potential of these viruses are needed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the guinea pig as a mammalian model for the study of the replication and transmission characteristics of selected swine H1N1, H1N2, H3N...

Bacterial co-infections can probably influence the pathogenicity of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure time to Escherichia coli (O:2) on the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six equal groups. At the age of 26 days, all chicks except groups 5 and 6 w...

conclusions taken together, these data reveal that cellular protease of chicken liver cells allows the replication of high yields of h9n2 virus in the absence of trypsin and also cell death in the infected cells is due to necrosis. results the degree of viability was significantly reduced in infected hepatoma cells. observations of caspase activation and cell dna laddering in infected cells wer...

conclusions after seven consecutive passages of both cell cultures, the h9n2 virus showed similar antigenicity, also no change on viral titer level and virus replication behavior in adaptation was found. the results highlighted the use of a549 cells for efficient virus isolation. results the influenza virus infectivity was not significant difference in these cells in the presence of trypsin. th...

In 2008, 800 adults living within rural Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. After enrollment, participants were contacted weekly for 24 months to identify acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Follow-up sera were collected at 12 and 24 months. A transmission substudy was also conducted among the family contacts of cohor...