Adaptive immunity towards tuberculosis (TB) has been extensively studied for many years. In addition, in recent years the profound contribution of innate immunity to host defence against this disease has become evident. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors, which allow innate immunity to tailor its response to different infectious agents, has challenged the view that this arm of immun...

BACKGROUND In the last few decades, a better knowledge of the inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has promoted biological therapy as an important tool to treat IBD patients. However, in spite of a wider spectrum of biological drugs, a significant proportion of patients is unaffected by or lose their response to these compounds, along with incre...

Nepal is a landlocked country blessed with stunning natural bounty. The nation still caught amidst process of transformation and restructuring is recuperating after an excruciating decade of civil war brunt of which mostly bore by its premature infrastructure. Nepal has several vital sectors categorized into top-priority for the revival process. It is saddening that “Science and Technology” doe...

1 Department of Biology, Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany 2 Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 3 Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 4 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffi...

Ion-pairing is reported to improve the lipophilicity and subsequently the transport rate of polar drugs across lipid membranes. Lipophilisation of ionic drugs with high aqueous solubilities by ion-pair formation with appropriate counter-ion have proven to be promising for several applications. The aim of this review is to present the usefulness of ion-pair for improving the poor bioavailability...

This paper addresses the design of complex arbitration modules, like those required in SoC communication systems. Clock-less, delay-insensitive arbiters are studied in the perspective of making easier and more practical the design of future GALS or GALA SoCs. The paper focuses on high-level modeling and delay-insensitive implementations of fixed and dynamic priority arbiter. Pre-layout simulati...

Cell proliferation is a delicately regulated process that couples growth signals and metabolic demands to produce daughter cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of tumor cells immensely depends on glycolysis, the Warburg effect, to ensure a sufficient amount of metabolic flux and bioenergetics for macromolecule synthesis and cell division. This unique metabolic derangement would provide an op...

Last few years have been phenomenal in improving the status of Paediatric health in Pakistan. An imperative avenue which has remained neglected, however, is the Paediatric Mental Health. Though country wide surveys are not available in literature, estimates gauge the prevalence of childhood mental disabilities in Pakistan to around 17% (8% mental retardation and 9% behavioural, emotional and pe...