We present generic scaling laws relating spreading critical exponents and avalanche exponents (in the sense of self-organized criticality) in general systems with absorbing states. Using these scaling laws we present a collection of the state-of-the-art exponents for directed percolation, dynamical percolation, and other universality classes. This collection of results should help to elucidate ...

A block cipher, such as the DES cipher, is used to encrypt binary plaintext in discrete blocks of length n using a key of length m, to form ciphertext blocks of length n. A block cipher is said to satisfy the strict key avalanche criterion if a one bit change in the key causes on the average one half of the ciphertext bit positions to change. In this paper the importance of the strict key avala...

The hysteresis loop in the zero–temperature random–field Ising model exhibits a critical point as the width of the disorder increases. Above six dimensions, the critical exponents of this transition, where the “infinite avalanche” first disappears, are described by mean–field theory. We expand the critical exponents about mean–field theory, in 6 − ǫ dimensions, to first order in ǫ. Despite ǫ = ...

Some properties of a 90% C2H2F4 gas mixture, used to operate resistive plate chambers in avalanche mode, are determined by comparing the experimental results with the prediction of simple analytical calculations. The fast charge distribution of the signal induced on pick-up electrodes is reproduced by means of a Monte Carlo simulation of the avalanche development. In addition predictions for a ...

In this paper, we calculate electron and hole impactionization coefficients in In0.52Al0.48As using a Monte Carlo modelwhich has two valleys and two bands for electrons and holesrespectively. Also, we calculate multiplication factor for electronand hole initiated multiplication regimes and breakdown voltagein In0.52Al0.48As PIN avalanche photodiodes. To validate themodel, we compare our simulat...

We study the avalanche dynamics of a system of globally coupled threshold elements receiving random input. The model belongs to the same universality class as the random-neighbor version of the Olami-Feder-Christensen stick-slip model. A closed expression for avalanche size distributions is derived for arbitrary system sizes N using geometrical arguments in the system's configuration space. For...

Avalanche photodiodes are widely used as practical detectors of single photons. Although conventional devices respond to one or more photons, they cannot resolve the number in the incident pulse or short time interval. However, such photon number resolving detectors are urgently needed for applications in quantum computing, communications and interferometry, as well as for extending the applica...

Use of microscopic detail in random walk theory describing the initial formations of a large number of avalanches show that concomitant electron transport coefficients quickly relax to equi­ librium values. This enables the use of random walks having step sizes and probabilities based only on local electric field strengths and densities. A self-consistent avalanche solution which accounts for c...

The dynamical facilitation scenario, by which localized relaxation events promote nearby relaxation events in an avalanche process, has been suggested as the key mechanism connecting the microscopic and the macroscopic dynamics of structural glasses. Here we investigate the statistical features of this process via numerical simulations of a model structural glass. First we show that the relaxat...

Single pulse transmissivity and reflectivity of fused silica irradiated by tightly focused 90 fs laser pulses at a center wavelength of 800 nm are numerically and experimentally investigated to study the role of nonlinear photoionization and avalanche ionization processes in free electron generation. The laser beam inside fused silica is modeled with a 2+1 -dimensional propagation equation whic...