Electric vehicles are an emerging and evolving technology that brings in remarkable environmental gains over conventional vehicles, contributing significantly towards a decrease fossil fuel dependence. However, infiltrating into the existing automobile market requires huge investment charging facilities intricate planning to make it more approachable consumers. Identifying crucial challenges fi...

Import from Germany as a factor in the transportation crisis of Russian Empire during World War I examines importation German vehicles and equipment into Russia five years leading up to First War. Utilizing statistical data customs, this study sheds light on extent which production contributed imports. Special attention is given presence automobiles automobile fleet by 1914, well consequences p...

The seasonal temperature and humidity regime of the road foundation in active layer soil largely determines reliability safety automobile use. aim this article is a quantitative assessment influence variation ice content permafrost area on depth thawing. Analytical solutions one-phase flat Stefan problem at varying along coordinate were obtained. solution dimensionless form as Fourier function ...

Automobile sector forms the backbone of manufacturing sector. Vehicle assembly line is important section in automobile plant where repetitive tasks are performed one after another at different workstations. In this thesis, a methodology is proposed to reduce cycle time and time loss due to important factors like equipment failure, shortage of inventory, absenteeism, set-up, material handling, r...

In property and casualty insurance, claims management is featured with modeling of semicontinuous insurance cost associated with individual risk transfer. This practice is further complicated by the multilevel structure of the insurance claims data, where a contract often contains a group of policyholders, each policyholder is insured under multiple types of coverage, and the contract is repeat...

BACKGROUND Graduated driver licensing (GDL) adds an intermediate stage to driver licensing between the learner permit and full licensure stages that is intended to ameliorate the high risk of novice drivers. OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of various elements of GDL to reduction in the crash rates of young novice drivers. METHODS An extensive review of the literature was undertaken to...

T he 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) introduces new concepts of capacity and level of sarvice that are, in some cases, radically different from those used in previous editions of the HCM.’ A previous article has presented and discussed these basic concepts and their implication on interpreting capacity analysis results.’ This article focuses on the three primary examples of markedly differen...

In this note, we introduce two distinct incentive mechanisms that support dynamic intra-group cooperation in the context of prisoner’s dilemma payoffs. The first mechanism involves a reward structure—a carrot—that supports both triadic and tripartite group relations. The second mechanism involves a punishment structure—a stick—that supports tripartite group relations. We also discuss how these ...