Swallowing syncope is a relatively rare reflex that mostly conditioned by pure cardioinhibitory response to swallowing and esophageal passage. Therefore, until recently, the predominant effective treatment method was permanent cardiac stimulation. With current availability of cardioneuroablation (CNA) for functional bradyarrhythmias, it logical consider also this option, especially in young pat...

Diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by diabetes mellitus (DM) -induced cardiac muscular abnormalities, is a strong inducer of impaired contraction and arrhythmia. Atrioventricular block, serious type arrhythmia resulting from interruption impulse conduction via the atrioventricular node (AVN), frequently occurs among diabetic patients. However, details structural changes in AVN DM remain poo...