The land surface and the atmosphere can interact with each other through exchanges of energy, water, and momentum. With the capacity of long memory, land surface processes can contribute to long-term variability of atmospheric processes. Great efforts have been made in the past three decades to study land-atmosphere interactions and their importance to longterm variability. This paper reviews s...

Observation of the decay of muons produced in the Earth's atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions provides a graphic illustration of the counter-intuitive space-time predictions of special relativity theory. Muons at rest in the atmosphere, decaying simultaneously, are subject to a universal time-dilatation effect when viewed from a moving frame and so are also observed to decay simultaneously in...

The atmosphere of Titan is a complex system, where thermal structure, radiative transfer, dynamics, microphysics and photochemistry are strongly coupled together. The global climate model developed over the past 15 years at the Pierre-Simon Laplace Institute has been exploring these different couplings, and has demonstrated how they can help to interpret the observed atmospheric structure of Ti...

Quasi-decadal variability in solar irradiance has been suggested to exert a substantial effect on Earth's regional climate. In the North Atlantic sector, the 11-year solar signal has been proposed to project onto a pattern resembling the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with a lag of a few years due to ocean-atmosphere interactions. The solar/NAO relationship is, however, highly misrepresented...

Accurate and stable numerical discretization of the equations for the nonhydrostatic atmosphere is required, for example, to resolve interactions between clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere. Here the authors present a modification of the hydrostatic control-volume approach for solving the nonhydrostatic Euler equations with a Lagrangian vertical coordinate. A scheme with low numerical diffusi...

nowadays, it’s very usual to use these models in almost all sciences. use of these models has provided quick, appropriate and economic answers to many questions. modeling is developing in different fields of agriculture, including irrigation and drainage. field tests are useful to determine and analyze the different irrigation management but there are significant limitations. the most important...

The large electrostatic repulsion arising from the negatively charged backbone of RNA molecules presents a large barrier to folding. Solution counterions assist in the folding process by screening this electrostatic repulsion. While early research interpreted the effect of these counterions in terms of an empirical ligand-binding model, theories based on physical models have supplanted them and...

Emissions from Titan’s dayside atmosphere at ultraviolet wavelengths were observed by Voyager. The major source was shown to be photoelectron interactions with the neutral N2 present in the atmosphere whether or not Titan was inside or outside Saturn’s magnetosphere. Since discrepancies exist between observations and models, and photoelectrons do not contribute significantly to emissions from t...

The Sun is a source of high energy neutrinos (E ∼ 10 GeV) produced by cosmic ray interactions in the solar atmosphere. We study the impact of three-flavor oscillations (in vacuum and in matter) on solar atmosphere neutrinos, and calculate their observable fluxes at Earth, as well as their event rates in a kilometer-scale detector in water or ice. We find that peculiar three-flavor oscillation e...