Drought stress causes considerable yield losses in agriculture and receives high attention in current sunflower breeding programs. For this study, an in vitro system based on MS media (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with polyethylene glycol 6000 (Korell, 1997) was established to examine sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings under artificial drought stress conditions. The objective...

In nature the amino acid l-proline (Pro) is a ubiquitous and highly effective osmolyte protecting cells against osmotic stress. To understand this effect knowledge of the hydration of Pro and its interactions with dissolved salts is essential. We studied these properties by combining statistical mechanics and broadband dielectric spectroscopy and found that Pro remains strongly hydrated up to h...

Osmotic stress-induced accumulation of proline, an important protective osmolyte in higher plants, is dependent on the expression of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and proline dehydrogenase (PDH) enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting steps of proline biosynthesis and degradation, respectively. Proline metabolism is modulated by differential regulation of organ specific expression o...

In this paper we discuss our vision on future neurofeedback therapy. We analyze problems of the current situation and debate for a change in focus towards a vision in which neurofeedback therapy will ultimately be as easy as taking an aspirin. Furthermore we argue for a gaming approach as training, for separation between neurofeedback therapy and gaming has become noticeably smaller after recen...