The educational knowledge domain may be understood as a system composed of multiple, co-evolving networks that reflect the form and content of a cultural field. This paper describes the educational knowledge domain as having a community structure (form) based in relations of production (authoring) and consumption (referencing), and a cognitive structure (content) based in relations of ideas and...

Climate change and the decreasing availability of fossil fuels require society to move towards sustainable and renewable resources. As a result, we are observing an increase in renewable energy production from sun and wind, as well as the development of electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles with low CO2 emissions. Because the sun does not shine during the night, wind does not blow on de...

Objective To explore the etiology, incidence and methods to prevent and treat severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which is rapidly becoming a threat to the vision of babies in areas of the world where increasing numbers of premature babies are surviving. Data sources The data used in this review were mainly from Medline and PubMed published in English. The search term was “retinopathy of p...

M ost of the perceptual cues we use to visualize 3D structures are available in 2D projections. This is why we can make sense of photographs and images on a television screen, at the cinema, or on a computer monitor. Such cues include occlusion, perspective, familiar size, and atmospheric haze. Four cues are missing from 2D media: stereo parallax—seeing a different image with each eye; movement...

We developed gradient magnetic-field topography (GMFT) for magnetoencephalography (MEG). We plotted the Euclidean norms of gradient magnetic fields occurring at the centers of 102 sensors onto 49-point grids and projected these norms onto the MRI brain surface of a twelve-year-old boy who presented with neocortical epilepsy secondary to a left temporal tumor. The peak gradient magnetic field lo...

Consequently, new approaches are needed to enable functional safety as an integral component in the development of E/E systems. It is important to consider all levels of system designs (Figure 1) and assure that safety goals of the systems are verifiably implemented according to the standard. A key requirement of all current safety standards in automotive and non-automotive industries (e.g. IEC...

Most sounds of interest consist of complex, time-dependent admixtures of tones of diverse frequencies and variable amplitudes. To detect and process these signals, the ear employs a highly nonlinear, adaptive, real-time spectral analyzer: the cochlea. Sound excites vibration of the eardrum and the three miniscule bones of the middle ear, the last of which acts as a piston to initiate oscillator...

The cell-cell adhesion systems are involved in neuronal cell migration, axon-bundle formation, target-cell recognition, activity-dependent plasticity of synapses, and formation of complex glial networks, which surround axons and synapses (for a review, see Redies and Takeichi, 1996). The cell-cell adhesion molecules implicated in brain function are classified into two superfamilies, the cadheri...

This paper reviews the clinical findings in the Hakim-Adams syndrome and distinguishes it from the more general term of normal pressure hydrocephalus. The radiographic tests to diagnose these entities are discussed in their historical context. Computed tomography has recently replaced the pneumoencephalogram for evaluating ventricular size and configuration and computed tomographic metrizamide ...