While it is generally accepted that honeybees (Apis mellifera) are capable of using the pattern of polarized light in the sky to navigate to a food source, there is little or no direct behavioural evidence that they actually do so. We have examined whether bees can be trained to find their way through a maze composed of four interconnected tunnels, by using directional information provided by p...

In learning and memory studies on honeybees (Apis mellifera), cold-induced narcosis has been widely used to temporarily immobilize honeybees. In this study, we investigated the effects of cold narcosis on the associative memories in honeybees by using the proboscis extension response (PER) paradigm. Severe impairments in memory acquisition was found when cold narcosis was performed 30 min, inst...

Comb building in mixed-species colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera was studied. Two types of cell-size foundation were made from the waxes of these species and inserted into mixed colonies headed either by an A. cerana or an A. mellifera queen. The colonies did not discriminate between the waxes but the A. cerana cell-size foundation was modified during comb building by the workers of bo...

Worker honeybees, Apis mellifera, police each other's reproduction by killing worker-laid eggs. Previous experiments demonstrated that worker policing is effective, killing most (∼98%) worker-laid eggs. However, many queen-laid eggs were also killed (∼50%) suggesting that effective policing may have high costs. In these previous experiments, eggs were transferred using forceps into test cells, ...

This paper reviewed the effects of insect pollination on yield parameters plants from family Brassicaceae presenting different breeding systems. Meta-analysis indicates that in both self-compatible and self-incompatible crop species, meta-analysis seed (Y), silique set (SQS), number siliquae/plant (NSQ), seeds/silique (NSSQ) increase when are insect-pollinated compared to there is no pollinatio...

Modern Web applications use several APIs to build rich features. For example, the W3C Geolocation API provides access to a user’s physical location for location-based personalization, Facebook Connect provides a single sign-on service and access to a user’s social graph, Local Storage is a per-domain cache that enables offline access, and the Google Maps API allows applications to embed customi...

Researchers, policymakers, and competition regulation authorities worldwide recognize the utility of application programming interfaces (APIs) in powering digital economy driving datafication platformization processes. However, it remains unclear how APIs leading social media relate to platform governance this relationship evolved. This article traces evolution Facebook’s APIs, which evolved fr...

Queens of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.), exhibit extreme polyandry, mating with up to 45 different males (drones). This increases the genetic diversity of their colonies, and consequently their fitness. After copulation, drones leave a mating sign in the genital opening of the queen which has been shown to promote additional mating of the queen. On one hand, this signing behavior is benefi...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179922.].