Calves, rats, ducks, and goldfish given lethal oral doses of bacteria-free lyophilized cell suspensions of toxic Anabaena flos-aquae died as a result of respiratory arrest. Experiments with selected animals and pharmacological preparations showed that the main effect of the toxin was production of a sustained postsynaptic depolarizing neuromuscular blockade.

Certain filamentous cyanobacteria, including Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, are potentially toxic owing to the formation of the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. We previously identified a gene cluster in A. ovalisporum likely to be involved in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis, including amidinotransferase (aoaA) and polyketide-synthase (aoaC), transcribed on the reverse strands. Analysis of the genom...

The occurrence of antibiotics in surface waters has been reported worldwide with concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to low µg L-1 levels. During environmental risk assessments, effects of antibiotics on algal species are assessed using standard test protocols (e.g., the OECD 201 guideline), where the cell number endpoint is used as a surrogate for growth. However, the use of photosynthetic rela...

Extracts of fifteen medicinal plants were screened in vitro for their potency to inhibit metallopeptidases ACE, NEP and APN. Bucco folium, Callunae flos, Epilobii angustifolii herba, Orthosiphonis folium, Ribes nigri folium extracts showed more than 50% inhibition of the tested peptidases activity at 1000 μg/ml. The results demonstrate that pharmacological activities of some medicinal plants mi...

The most sources of waste have been from households in urban area. high population and daily food consumption effect the is potential to pollute environment. Innovation treatment should be applied by local community area reduce household waste. This activity was a service program UGM 2022 supporting Bantul Government "Bantul free 2025". aims this were improve capacity practice through organic t...

New insights into the distribution and biochemistry of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been provided by the recent determination of its biosynthesis gene cluster (cyr) in several cyanobacterial species. Raphidiopsis curvata CHAB1150 isolated from China was analyzed for CYN analogues. Only 7-deoxy-CYN was detected in the cell extracts. The cyr gene cluster of R. curvata CHAB1150 was...

The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distrib...

Cyanobacteria blooms in marine waters are limited to only a few taxa with Trichodesmhm, Richelia, Nod&aria, and Aphanizomenon being most commonly observed. Nonhetcrocystous, nitrogen-fixing Trichodesmium spp. are found throughout low and mid-latitude oceans and seas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and this genus is thought to be a major contributor to new nitrogen influx into these...